a) Cyanide ion (CN–) and nitrite ion (NO2).
b) Chlorobenzene when heated with aquous sodium hydroxide solution at a temperature of 623 K and a pressure of 300 atmosphere gets converted to phenol by a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
c) Nitration – When chloroform is treated with the nitrating mixture (a mixture of conc, HNO3 and cone. H2SO4), a mixture of 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene (minor product) and 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene (major product) is obtained.
Friedel-Crafts alkylation – When chloroform is treated with methyl chloride in presence of anhydrous AICI a mixture of 1 – Chloro – 2 – methylbenzene (minor product) and 1-Chloro-4- methylbenzene (major product) are obtained.