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Write a short note on-Identity formation happens from childhood.

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Parents and those who work with them may not always realize how early children begin developing a sense of differences based on race, culture and language. The process of forming an identity begins at birth, as children absorb who they are from those around them. In the first few hours they can tell one smell from another, one voice from another---and they prefer their mother’s. Attachment is part of the process of identity formation. As infants grow emotionally close to certain people, they associate them with how those people smell, touch, sound, and are able to recognize their “special people” early on. 

After several months, children come to distinguish “strangers.” In the process, babies become astute observers of differences and similarities. When infants engage with others, they receive messages about who they are from others’ reactions. They develop their sense of being valued and being cared for from those interactions. They begin to imitate and later identify with others in their lives. 

In diverse families and communities, children come to expect a degree of variation in how people look, feel and sound, viewing such variation as normal. They understand their world is comprised of both high and deep voices, dark skins and light ones. Children spending their early years in more homogeneous families and communities come to associate the human face, voice and touch with a particular skin color or tone. 

There is plenty of anecdotal evidence of very young children reacting to racial differences when they first encounter them. For example, Robin arrived from Hong Kong at 23 months of age. She showed no anxiety around Asian or white people, in the airport or at home. But when she first met her African American doctor, her eyes opened wide with shock. It seemed that this was the first Black person Robin had seen in her life.

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