Answer:
1. Answer: (c) end products
Explanation: Feedback inhibition is a mechanism in which an enzyme's activity is inhibited by the enzyme's end product. It takes place in an allosteric enzyme that possesses both allosteric and active sites. It can show the mechanism of enzyme action.
2. Answer: (a) lowering activation energy
Explanation: Enzymes (and other catalysts) act by reducing the activation energy, thereby increasing the rate of reaction.
3. Answer: (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
Explanation: Unsaturated fatty acids are those which have the presence of one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain. According to the assertion, arachidic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid. But arachidic acid is a saturated fatty acid. The correct answer is option D i.e. both assertion and reason is incorrect.
4.Answer: (c) Myosin
Explanation:A protein having both structural and enzymatic traits is Myosin.
5. Answer: (b) carbonic anhydrase
Explanation: carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest enzymes known. Each enzyme molecule can hydrate \(10^6\) molecules of \(CO_2\) per second. This catalyzed reaction is \(10^7\) times as fast as the uncatalyzed one.
6. Answer: (b) Lipids
Explanation:Ester linkages are key components of molecules called lipids. In our bodies, lipids form lipid bilayers, which compose cell membranes and other organelles within the cell.
7.Answer: (a) L-amino acids only
Explanation: All naturally occurring proteins from all living organisms consist of L amino acids. The absolute stereochemistry is related to L-glyceraldehyde, as was the case for triacylglycerides and phospholipids. Most naturally occurring chiral amino acids are S, with the exception of cysteine.
8. Answer: (d) Glucose
Explanation: Glucose is the common monomer of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate helps in providing energy to the body mainly through glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar present in all basic foods.
9. Answer: (a) Collagen
Explanation: Collagen is a fibrous protein that is present in abundance in the human body, being a major constituent of skin, bones as well as various connective tissues. It helps in forming a scaffold to provide strength and structure.
10. Answer: (d) Primary metabolites
Explanation: Primary metabolites are the essential metabolic intermediates of the plants which help in the growth and development of the plant.
11. Answer: (a) amino acids and glucose
Explanation: Massive ions like \(Na^+\) facilitate the absorption of substances like amino acid and glucose through Co transport.
12. Answer: (a) Hydrogen bonds
Explanation: The helical structure of proteins or the alpha helix is the secondary structure of proteins and it is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. In helical structure, the carbonyl oxygen atoms in \(C=O\) points in one direction, towards the amide hydrogen atoms in N - H groups, 4 residues away.
13. Answer: (a) lyases
Explanation: Lyases enzyme catalyze the breakage of specific covalent bonds and removal of groups without hydrolysis producing double bonds or removal of double bonds by adding groups e.g., histidine decarboxylase that splits\(C-C\) bond of histidine, forming \(CO_2\) and histamine.
14. Answer: (d) 480
Explanation: According to this, if there are 120 adenine, there have to be 120 thymines also present. If there are 120 cytosines, there should be 120 guanines also present. So there are in total 480 nucleotides in the given segment.
15. Answer: (b) isoenzymes
Explanation: Enzymes having slightly different molecular structures but performing identical activities are called isoenzymes. Over 100 enzymes are known to have isoenzymes. Apoenzyme is an inactive enzyme that must associate with a specific cofactor molecule or ion in order to function.
16.Answer: (d) uracil
Explanation:DNA (top) includes thymine (red); in RNA (bottom), thymine is replaced with uracil (yellow).
17. Answer: (a) GATCAATGC
Explanation: The pyrimidine bases are thymine, cytosine, and uracil. In GATCAATGC, four pyrimidine bases are present, two thymines and two cytosines.
18.Answer: (b) RNA
Explanation: RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is distributed more widely in a cell. RNA is a single-stranded molecule, which may have few loops.
19. Answer: (a) rRNA
Explanation: Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the most abundant type of RNA. It constitutes the material inside the ribosome and directly helps in the translation of mRNA into proteins.
20.Answer: (d) Glycine
Explanation: Glycine is the simplest amino acid and most commonly found in animal proteins.
21.Answer: (d) \(\alpha-\)helix
Explanation: The \(\alpha-\) helix, \(\beta-\) strand and sheet, and turn are the most prevalent elements of protein secondary structure, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the peptide backbone.
22. Answer: (a) tRNA
Explanation: An anticodon is found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. During protein synthesis, each time an amino acid is added to the growing protein, a tRNA forms base pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the protein.
23. Answer: (c) Induced fit theory
Explanation: Koshland proposed the induced fit theory in 1958. Part of an enzyme where substrate molecules get attached is known as an active site.
24. Answer: (d) a lectin
Explanation: Concanavalin A (ConA), a lectin with mannose specificity that can induce acute hepatic inflammation, was tested for its therapeutic effect against hepatoma. ConA is cytotoxic or inhibitory to hepatoma cells, which is mediated by the autophagic pathway through mitochondria.
25. Answer: (b) Proteins
Explanation: By making a Ramachandran plot, protein structural scientists can determine which torsional angles are permitted and can obtain insight into the structure of peptides.
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