Answer:
1. Answer: (b) Stensons duct
Explanation: Parotid glands are the largest salivary glands. The parotid ducts, also called Stenson's ducts, open into the vestibule opposite the upper second molar teeth.
2. Answer: (b) Liver
Explanation: The liver is the most affected organ by jaundice. Jaundice refers to the yellowing of the skin, soft tissues, and mucus membranes in our body such as the sclera of eyes, nails, palm, etc. due to the abnormal definition of bile pigments (hyperbilirubinemia).
3. Answer: (c) papillae
Explanation: The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper oesophagus, the cheek, and epiglottis.
4. Answer: (a) Fructose
Explanation: Fructose is the sweetest sugar. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates.
5. Answer: : (b) Caecum
Explanation: Digestive Processes of the Large Intestine. In the large intestine, a host of microorganisms known as gut flora help digest the remaining food matter and create vitamins.
6. Answer: (b) Trypsinogen into trypsin
Explanation: The enzyme enterokinase which is also known as enteropeptidase helps in the conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin. Trypsin acts on proteins and breaks them for digestion. It occurs in the brush borders of duodenum.
7. Answer: (a) Vitamin A
Explanation: Xerophthalmia is a term used to describe the spectrum of ocular disease that can arise from vitamin A deficiency. These changes include dry eye (xerosis), corneal ulceration and melting (kerotomalacia), night blindness (nyctalopia), and retinopathy.
8. Answer: (d) Rennin
Explanation: Rennin, also called chymosin, a protein-digesting enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casein; it is found only in the fourth stomach of cud-chewing animals, such as cows.
9. Answer: (c) Kwashiorkor
Explanation: The most severe form of protein deficiency is known as kwashiorkor. It most often occurs in children in developing countries where famine and imbalanced diets are common. Protein deficiency can affect almost all aspects of body function. As a result, it is associated with many symptoms.
10. Answer: (c) Fluoride
Explanation: Dental fluorosis is a common disorder, characterized by hypomineralization of tooth enamel caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation.
11. Answer: (b) Bile pigments passed through bile juice
Explanation: The yellow colour of the stools is because of the presence of bile salts. Bile colors are actually excretory substances. The bile is a bitter-tasting, greenish-yellow in colour, an antacid fluid that is produced by the liver and temporarily stored in the gallbladder and is then discharged into the duodenum.
12. Answer: (a) indigestion
Explanation: Indigestion is a disorder of the small intestine and is characterized by improper digestion of food. It may be due to decreased secretion of digestive enzymes or food poisoning or overeating or anxiety or intake of spicy food. Diarrhoea is a disorder of the large intestine.
13. Answer: (d) epiglottis
Explanation: Due to improper movement of the epiglottis, one may suddenly start coughing while swallowing some food. The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It prevents the entry of food into the larynx and directs it to the oesophagus.
14. Answer: (a) marasmus
Explanation: If this milk is replaced by low nutritive food like diluted cow milk, the child may suffer from disease. Since it contains less proteins and other calories. Among the given options, marasmus occurs in the child less than one year, due to the deficiency of the protein in the body.
15. Answer: (d) enterogasterone
Explanation: An enterogastrone is any hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the lower gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary lipids that inhibits the caudal (or "forward, analward") motion of the contents of chyme.
16. Answer: (c) Hepatic Iobules
Explanation: The structural and functional units of the liver are called hepatic lobules.
17. Answer: (a) Ileo-caecal valve
Explanation: The backflow of faecal matter into the small intestine from the large intestine is also prevented by the ileocecal valve. The sphincter enables material to travel from the esophagus to the stomach when swallowing, but serves in resting conditions as a barrier for reflux of gastric contents.
18. Answer: (b) Saccharine
Explanation: Saccharin is an artificially synthesized sweetening agent which is widely used in the food and beverage industries. That's why we can say that the saccharin is sweet in taste but it is not sugar.
19. Answer: (c) Dilute HCl
Explanation: Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells) are epithelial cells in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and body regions of the stomach.
20. Answer: (a) Ameloblast
Explanation: Ameloblasts are cells that secrete the enamel proteins enamelin and amelogenin which will later mineralize to form enamel, the hardest substance in the human body.
21. Answer: (b) Liver
Explanation: The majority of cholesterol utilized by healthy adults is synthesized in the liver, which produces ~\(70\%\) of the total daily cholesterol requirement (\(\approx 1\) gram).
22. Answer: (a) Pulp
Explanation: The root of the tooth extends down into the jawbone. The root contains blood vessels and nerves, which supply blood and feeling to the whole tooth. This area is known as the "pulp" of the tooth.
23. Answer: (b) Cholecystokinin and secretin
Explanation: Cholecystokinin produces acts on the pancreas as well as gall bladder which stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile juice respectively. Secretin produced from endocrine cells acts on the exocrine part of the pancreas and thereby stimulates the secretion of water and bicarbonate ions.
24.Answer: (d) Peristalsis
Explanation: Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
25. Answer: (a) Hyoid apparatus
Explanation: In adult frog, gills disappear and their skeletal framework is also reduced to form hyoid apparatus. It lies below tongue in the floor of mouth and provides surface of attachment to the tongue. Pterygoid contributes to the postero-ventral margin of orbit of its side.
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