Answer:
1. Answer : (d) hematuria
Explanation: Hematuria – the presence of red blood cells in the urine – can be caused by a number of different conditions.
2. Answer : (b) Urochrome
Explanation: Urobilin is generated from the degradation of heme, which is first degraded through biliverdin to bilirubin. When urobilinogen is exposed to air, it is oxidized to urobilin, giving urine its yellow color.
3. Answer : (b) Release of renin
Explanation: When the rate of GFR lowers it then activates the juxtaglomerular cells that in turn release the renin hormone whose function is to stimulate the glomerular blood flow and thereby normalizes the GFR level.
4. Answer : (b) abdominal cavity
Explanation: Your kidneys are located in the back of your abdomen, just under your ribcage, on each side of your spine.
5. Answer : (b) Ureters
Explanation: The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and 3–4 mm in diameter. The ureter is one of the essential organs of the urinary tract that controls urine transport.
6. Answer : (c) PCT
Explanation: Proximal convoluted tubule and Henle's loop of the nephron and collecting ducts of the kidney are all able to reabsorb either water or salt or both, making urine more concentrated.
7. Answer : (c) renin
Explanation: Specialized granule cells called juxtaglomerular cells or JG cells in the afferent arteriole release renin into the circulation. Renin is a proteolytic enzyme that converts an inactive plasma protein, an \(\alpha_2\) globulin, called angiotensinogen, into angiotensin I.
8. Answer : (b) hilum
Explanation: Ureters, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and leave at the renal hilum. The renal arteries arise directly from the aorta, and the renal veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava.
9. Answer : (a) Renal pyramid
Explanation: Renal pyramids (or Malpighian pyramids or Malpighi's pyramids named after Marcello Malpighi, a seventeenth-century anatomist) are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney.
10. Answer : (c) Both of the above
Explanation: A nephron is composed of a glomerulus and a renal tubule. The renal tubule is subdivided further into the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.
11. Answer : (a) Placenta
Explanation: The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply.
12. Answer : (a) Cortex
Explanation: Malpighian corpuscles are also known as renal corpuscles are the small part of nephrons that contains glomerulus (a knot of capillaries) surrounded by Bowman's capsule (a double-walled capsule). It occurs in the Cortex of the kidney and is involved infiltration.
13. Answer : (a) Nephron
Explanation: Nephron, a functional unit of the kidney, is the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood. There are about 1,000,000 nephrons in each human kidney.
14. Answer : (d) Bowman's cup
Explanation: Podocytes are highly specialized cells of the kidney glomerulus that wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman's capsule.
15. Answer : (a) Active transport
Explanation: Glucose is taken back from the glomerular filtrate by the proximal convoluted tubule by active transport.
16. Answer :(c) Proximal convoluted tubule
Explanation: Brush borders are those found in the luminal (inner) surfaces of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the kidney. They are made up of numerous microvilli projecting at the free surface of epithelial lining.
17. Answer : (a) Vasopressin
Explanation: ADH or vasopressin increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and collecting ducts (CD) to water by integrating aquaporin-2 channels into the membrane of DCT and CD.
18. Answer :(d) Transitional epithilium
Explanation: The urothelium is the inner lining of the bladder. It is made up of urothelial cells (also called transitional cells). The urothelium is also called the transitional epithelium.
19. Answer :(d) ketones
Explanation: If a person is undergoing prolonged fasting, his urine will be found to contain abnormal quantities of ketones. During fasting, energy is obtained by the oxidation of reserved fats. As a result of fatty acid oxidation, large amounts of ketone bodies are produced such as acetoacetate, \(\beta-\)hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.
20. Answer : (c) Hilus
Explanation: Kidneys are surrounded by a capsule called renal capsule. The point at which the renal arteries and nerves enter the kidney and renal veins and ureter leave the kidney is called the hilum. It is a deep notch present on the inner surface of the kidney. So, the correct answer is 'hilus'.
21. Answer : (a) plasma protein
Explanation: Proteins will be present in blood plasma, but not present in glomerular filtrate or urine. This is because proteins cannot pass through the basement membrane during ultrafiltration and thus cannot form part of the filtrate.
22. Answer : (a) Green glands
Explanation: The main excretory organs of prawns are paired green glands. They are located within the second antennae which are the second pair of appendages, attached to the anterior part of the body. Each green gland consists of on endsac, labyrinth and a bladder.
23. Answer : (a) osmosis
Explanation: Water reabsorption is by osmosis through water channels in the membrane. These water channels consist of a family of proteins called aquaporin. At least seven different aquaporin isoforms are expressed in the kidney.
24. Answer : (b) mesonephros
Explanation: Mesonephric kidney consists of a large number of tubules that develop internal glomeruli enclosed in capsules forming Malpighian bodies.
25.Answer : (a) Urethra
Explanation: Urine leaves the bladder via the urethra, a single muscular tube ending in an opening called the urinary meatus, where it exits the body.
Click here to practice Excretory Products and their Elimination MCQ Questions for Class 11