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Sketch and explain the structure of DNA and various types of RNA.

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(i) DNA is made up of nucleotide molecules. Phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base are present in each nucleotide.
(ii) The nitrogen base is of four types. Cytosine ( c) guanine (G), thymine (T), and adenine (A).
(iii) The order in which there nitrogen bases are present determines the genetic code.
(iv) Human DNA has around 3 billion bases and most of the bases are the same in all human beings.
(v) The order of nitrogen, bases forms genes which instructs cell how to prepare proteins.
(vi) Nucleotides are joined together to form two long strands that twist to create a structure called a double helix.
(vii) Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
(viii) DNA is coiled tightlyl to form chromosomes which are found inside the nucleus.
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(i) Types of RNA are mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
(ii) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleotide polymer, which is made of ribose sugar, a phosphate and bases as adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
(iii) The ribose sugar of RNA has a hydroxyl group and it is absent in DNA. RNA has a structure similar to DNA.
(iv) rNA: It is a component of the ribosomes organelle and helps in protein synthesis.
(v) mRNA: it carries information of protein synthesis from genes to the ribosomes.
(iv) tRNA: It carries amino acids up to the ribosomes.

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