When a motor nerve impulse sent by the spinal cord (or brain) reaches the effector organs (which are muscles), then the muscles cause action or movement (such as lifting the hand away from a hot plate). We will now describe how muscles are able to move in response to electrical nerve impulses and cause action. Muscles are made up of muscle cells. Muscle cells contain special proteins which can change their arrangement when stimulated by electrical impulses, causing the muscle cells to change shape and contract. When the muscle cells contract, the muscles also contract (and become shorter). When the muscles contract, they pull on the bones of the body part and make it move. For example, when electrical impulses sent by the spinal cord (or brain) stimulate the biceps muscle of the upper arm, they make biceps muscle to contract. And when the biceps muscle contracts, it pulls on a bone of the lower arm and makes it move (lifting the hand away from the hot plate). Please note that the contraction of muscles (or muscle cells) caused by the action of electrical impulses is a reversible process.
1. State true or false. 'Autonomic nervous system' means 'self governing nervous system'.
(i) TRUE
(ii) FALSE
2. State true or false. The autonomic nervous system controls and regulates the functions of the internal organs of our body involuntarily (on its own).
(i) TRUE
(ii) FALSE
3. State true or false. The voluntary nervous system helps us take voluntary actions which are under the conscious control of the brain.
(i) TRUE
(ii) FALSE
4. State true or false. When our eyes see time on the watch, they send this information to the brain through the motor nerves.
(i) TRUE
(ii) FALSE
5. State true or false. The muscles of the legs act accordingly and make us walk slower.
(i) TRUE
(ii) FALSE
