(a) `underset((2.8.1))overset(*)(Na)+underset((2.8.7))overset(* *)underset(* *)("."Cl":")overset("one e^(-)is transferred")rarrNa^(+)[overset(* *)underset(* *)(":"Cl":")]^(-)`
(b) `underset((2.8.8.1))overset(*)(2K)+underset((2.8.6))overset(* *)underset(* *)("."S".")overset("two "e^(-)"are transferred")rarr2K_(2)^(+)[overset(* *)underset(* *)(":"S":")]^(2-)`
(c ) `underset((2.8.8.2))underset(*)overset(*)(Ca)underset((2.6))underset(* *)overset(* *)("."O".")overset("twoe"^(-)"are transfsferred")rarrCa^(2+)[overset(* *)underset(* *)(":"O":")]^(2-)`
(d) `underset((2.8.3))overset(*)("."Al".")+underset((2.5))overset(* *)underset(*)("."N".")overset("two"e^(-)"are transfered ")rarrAl^(3+)[underset(* * )overset(* *)(":"N":")]`