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(i) Explain briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram how an n-p-n transistor in C.E. configuration is used to study input and output characteristics

(ii) Describe briefly the underlying principle of a transistor amplifier working as an oscillator. Hence, use the necessary circuit diagram to explain how self sustained oscillations are achieved in the oscillator.

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(i) [Note : For diagram see Ans. L.A.T.Q. 2(a)] For input characteristics :

At constant VCE, for different values of VCB, the different values of IB are obtained.

At constant IB, for different values of VCE, the different values of IC are obtained.

(ii) A portion of output power is returned at the input in same phase as that of starting power; hence the output in the oscillator gets self sustained. This is termed as positive feedback.

As the switch S1 is closed, a sugar of collector current flows through coil T2, which causes a changing magnetic flux around it. Hence a portion of the output G fed, back to the coil T1 , as a result of the positive feedback The emitter current, therefore, starts oscillation.

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