Question

A stone falls down without initial velocity from a height h onto the Earth's surface. The air drag assumed to be negligible, the stone hits the ground with velocity v₀ = √2gh relative to the Earth. Obtain the same formula in terms of the reference frame "falling" to the Earth with a constant velocity v₀.

Answer 1

In a frame moving relative to the earth, one has to include the kinetic energy of the earth as well as earth’s acceleration to be able to apply conservation of energy to the problem. In a reference frame falling to the earth with velocity v_o, the stone is initially going up with velocity v_o and so is the earth. The final velocity of the stone is 0 = v_o- gt and that of the earth is v_o+m/Mgt (M is the mass of the earth), from Newton’s third law, where t = time of fall. From conservation of energy

The point is this in earth’s rest frame the effect of earth’s acceleration is of order m/M and can be neglected but in a frame moving with respect to the earth the effect of earth’s acceleration must be kept because it is of order one (i.e. large).