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An organic reaction occurs through making and breaking of bonds. The breaking of bonds may occur either homolytically leading to the formation of radicals or heterolytically generating positively and negatively charged species. The neutral species (free radicals, carbenes, nitrenes, etc.) and positively charged species being electron deifcient are collectively called electrophiles while neutral and negatively charged species which are electron rich are called nucleophiles. An organic reaction usually involves the attack of a reagent (radicals, positively and negatively charged species) on the substrate molecule). The substrate molecule, although as a whole electrically neutral, has centres of low and high electron density due to displacement of bonding electrons. These electrons displacements occur through inductive, electromeric occur through inductive, electromeric, resonance and hyperconjugation effects. Whereas inductive effects involve displacement transfer of n-and `pi`-electrons along a conjugated system. Hypercongation effects, on the other hand, involve `sigma-pi`-conjugation. Both inductive and hyperconjugation effects can be used to explain the stability of carbocations and free radicals which follow the stability order: `3^(@) gt 2^(@) gt 1^(@)`. The stability of carbanions, however, follows opposite order.
The stability of a molecule can be judged on the basis of contribution of its resonance structures. Resonance structures have same position of nuclei and have same number of unpaired electrons. Among resonance structures, the one which has greater number of covalent bonds, has less separation of opposite Charges, a negative charge on more electronegative and a positive charge on a more electropostive atom are more stable than others.
Which of the following series contains only electrophiles ?
A. `H_(2)O, SO_(3), H_(3)O^(+)`
B. `NH_(3), H_(2)O, AlCl_(3)`
C. `AlCl_(3), SO_(3), overset(+)(N)O_(2)`
D. `H_(2)O, overset(+)(C)l, NH_(3)`

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1 Answer

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by (25.4k points)
Correct Answer - C

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