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Two teachers wanted to assess their students.

Teacher (1) wanted to determine whether each student has achieved specific skills or concepts.

Teacher (2) wanted to rank each student with respect to the achievement of others in broad areas of knowledge.


1. (1) must follow Norm referenced testing and (2) must follow Criterion referenced testing
2. Both must follow Norm referenced testing
3. Both must follow Criterion referenced testing
4. (1) must follow Criterion referenced and (2) must follow Norm referenced tests

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Correct Answer - Option 4 : (1) must follow Criterion referenced and (2) must follow Norm referenced tests

Criterion Referenced Testing:

  • Criterion-referenced tests and assessments are designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or learning standards. 
  • If students perform at or above the established expectations - for example, by answering a certain percentage of questions correctly—they will pass the test, meet the expected standards, or be deemed “proficient.” On a criterion-referenced test, every student taking the exam could theoretically fail if they don’t meet the expected standard; alternatively, every student could earn the highest possible score. 
  • On criterion-referenced tests, it is not only possible, but desirable, for every student to pass the test or earn a perfect score. Criterion-referenced tests have been compared to driver’s-license exams, which require would-be drivers to achieve a minimum passing score to earn a license Criterion-referenced tests may include multiple-choice questions, true-false questions, “open-ended” questions, or a combination of question types. Individual teachers may design the tests for use in a specific course, or they may be created by teams of experts for large companies that have contracts with state departments of education. i.e., concise, written descriptions of what students are expected to know and be able to do at a specific stage of their education.
  • In elementary and secondary education, criterion-referenced tests are used to evaluate whether students have learned a specific body of knowledge or acquired a specific skill set.

Norm Referenced Testing:

  • Norm-referenced refers to standardized tests that are designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another. Norm-referenced tests report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student, which is determined by comparing scores against the performance results of a statistically selected group of test takers, typically of the same age or grade level, who have already taken the exam.
  • Calculating norm-referenced scores is called the “norming process,” and the comparison group is known as the “norming group.” Norming groups typically comprise only a small subset of previous test takers, not all or even most previous test takers. 
  • Test developers use a variety of statistical methods to select norming groups, interpret raw scores, and determine performance levels.
  • Norm-referenced scores are generally reported as a percentage or percentile ranking. 
  • Norm-referenced tests often use a multiple-choice format, though some include open-ended, short-answer questions. They are usually based on some form of national standards, not locally determined standards or curricula.
  • IQ tests are among the most well-known norm-referenced tests, as are developmental-screening tests, which are used to identify learning disabilities in young children or determine eligibility for special-education services.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 4.

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