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Zero hardness of water is achieved by:
1. Lime soda process 
2. Excess lime
3. Ion Exchange Process
4. Excess alum

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Correct Answer - Option 3 : Ion Exchange Process

Lime Soda Process

Chemicals normally used are lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) and soda ash (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3). Lime is used to remove chemicals that cause carbonate hardness. Soda ash is used to remove chemicals that cause non-carbonate hardness. Lime soda softening cannot produce a water at completely free of hardness because of the solubility of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2. Thus the minimum calcium hardness can be achieved is about 30 mg/L as CaCO3, and the magnesium hardness is about 10 mg/L as CaCO3.

Ion Exchange Process: Ion-exchange resin, (zeolite) exchanges one ion from the water being treated for another ion that is in the resin (sodium is one component of softening salt, with chlorine being the other). Zeolite resin exchanges sodium for calcium and magnesium. It can produce water with zero hardness.


 

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