Question

Who is the father of cognitive movement?
1. Albert Bandura
2. Skinner
3. Piaget
4. Bruner

Answer 1

Correct Answer - Option 1 : Albert Bandura

Cognitive Movement: 

• The cognitive revolution was a period during the 1950s-1960s when cognitive psychology replaced Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis as the main approach in psychological fields. The increasing focus was placed on observable behaviors in conjunction with brain activity and structure.
• The roots of the cognitive movement are extremely varied:  It includes gestalt psychology, behaviorism, even humanism;  it has absorbed the ideas of E. C. Tolman, Albert Bandura, and George Kelly; it includes thinkers from linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, and engineering;  and it especially involves specialists in computer technology and the field of artificial intelligence.  

Albert Bandura:

• Albert Bandura Is a Canadian psychologist recognized for his theory of social cognitive learning and for his theory of personality. He made a great contribution in the field of education and in many disciplines of psychology. In addition, he has had a great influence on the transition from behaviorism to cognitive psychology.

Skinner:

• B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) was an American. He was a pure behaviorist. His experiments on operant conditioning won him worldwide fame. Skinner defined operant conditioning as the process of learning that elicits operant behavior. According to Skinner, there are two types of behaviors, namely respondent behavior, and operant behavior

Jerome Bruner: 

• An American psychologist who made significant contributions to the field of cognitive development. He observed that the process of constructing knowledge about the world cannot be done in isolation rather it happens within a social context.

Jean Piaget:

• He was a Swiss Psychologist, helped in bridging the gap between philosophy and science.
• He was primarily interested in a specific branch of philosophy called epistemology, which is the science of knowledge and the way human beings acquire knowledge.
• In 1950, Piaget developed a new branch of epistemology called ‘genetic epistemology’, wherein the term ‘genetic’ refers to the concept that development takes place by progressing from one level to another. That’s how he came to be known as the ‘Father of Genetic Epistemology’.​

How Albert bandura become the father of cognitive movement:

• During his career, Bandura focused on the study of personality theory, tackled from a behavioral point of view. Behaviorism focuses on the analysis of observable, measurable, and manipulable variables. Therefore it rejects everything subjective, internal and phenomenological.
• With the experimental behaviorism method, the standard procedure is to manipulate one variable and then evaluate its effects on another. Based on this is established a theory of personality, which indicates that the environment in which the individual develops is the one that causes their behavior.
• Bandura states that human behavior is indeed caused by the environment. But he thought this idea was simplistic for the phenomenon he studied, which was aggression in adolescents. So he broadened the spectrum and added one more component. He reiterated that the environment causes the behavior, but pointed out that there was also another action.
• According to Bandura, behavior also causes the environment. And this he called"reciprocal determinism", which means that the behavior of people and the environment (social, cultural, personal) are caused mutually.
• Shortly after, Bandura went beyond his own postulate and began to consider personality as an interaction between three variables. It was no longer just the environment and behavior, but another element was added: the psychological processes of the person.
• These processes have to do with the individual's ability to retain images in the mind and with aspects related to language. And it is then with the introduction of the imagination in the study of the personality that Bandura left aside the strict behaviorism to begin to approach the cognitivist. So much so that he is usually considered the father of the cognitive movement.
• By adding imagination and language to the study of personality, Bandura consists of much more complete elements than those worked by pure behaviorists like B.F. Skinner. Thus, the psychologist was introduced to the analysis of crucial aspects of the human psyche as learning, specifically learning by observation, also known as modeling.