Correct Answer - Option 2 : Extinction
Operant or operational conditioning is a term coined by B.F. Skinner. Operational conditioning focuses on changes in an individual’s observable behaviors. In operant conditioning, new or continued behaviors are influenced by new or continued consequences. Research regarding this principle of learning was first conducted by Edward L. Thorndike, then brought by B. F. Skinner. Much of this research inform current practices in human behavior and interaction.
- Behavior depends on the significance of the event immediately following it to a person showing the behavior. If the event following the behavior is positively reinforcing or rewarding, then it will recur. If it is not reinforced or is punished, then it is less likely to recur and eventually stops completely a process known as ‘extinction’
- Extinction generally occurs most rapidly following the withdrawal of things that are positive reinforcers.
- Thus the withdrawal of love from people of whom the child is fond is often the most effective way of achieving extinction of the undesirable behavior.
- In other children, the withdrawal of material goods, such as pocket money, special food or think, and the opportunity to watch television is more important.
| Shaping |
- In such a procedure reinforcement is applied to responses that are increasingly closer to the desired behavior.
- Shaping refers to the gradual forming of the behavior.
- It is a step-by-step method to teach complex behavior. It is commonly used in teaching skills to mentally retardates.
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| Continuous reinforcement |
- The condition under which a particular form of behavior is followed by reinforcement on every occasion it is emitted.
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Hence, we can conclude that In operational conditioning the procedure of not reinforcing for response is called extinction.
