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The major nutrients involved in fluid balance are
1. Potassium and sodium
2. Vitamin B9 and magnesium
3. Fats and proteins
4. Chloride and carbohydrates

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Correct Answer - Option 1 : Potassium and sodium

Concept:-

  • Water constitutes 50 to 70% of the total body weight. Whereas in Newborns it composes from 75 to 80% of their body weight.
  • Fluid balance is a method of maintaining the homeostasis in the body via osmoregulation and behavior e.g. concentration of electrolytes.
  • If we talk about which electrolytes are found in body fluid, then they contain all of the - sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and magnesium.

Composition of Body fluids:

  • Non-electrolytes: organic molecules
  • Electrolytes (most abundant): sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride

Regulation of fluid balance in the body is by:

  • stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
  • release of hormones such as ADH from the posterior pituitary
  • increased thirst

  • Potassium: is a major water-soluble cation. It is the most abundant intracellular positively charged ion, despite the fact that 90% of potassium is excreted in urine and stool every day.
  • The level of potassium in the body is maintained by hormones aldosterone and insulin. 

Normal serum Klevel is 3.6 to 5.2 mmol/L

  • Sodium: is water-soluble and a major extracellular cation. The normal serum level of sodium is 136-145 mEq/L.

Functions of sodium:

  • Maintaining fluid balance in the body
  • Nerve impulse transmission
  • Stimulating muscle contractions
  • Nutrient absorption in the small intestine and their transport through the intestinal cells into the blood.

Reabsorption is renal tubule is regulated by:

  • Aldosterone
  • angiotensin/renin
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Imbalance in Potassium: 

  • Hypokalemia: severe potassium depletion can cause cardiac abnormality that includes abnormal cardiac contraction. 
  • Hyperkalemia:  is an increased level of potassium in the blood. It leads to the disruption of electrical impulses that stimulate the heart.
    • The antidote to hyperkalemia is Sodium Kayexalate administered either orally or enema.

Sodium imbalances

  • Hypernatremia: is when serum sodium level is > 150 mEq/L due to dehydration etc.
  • Hyponatremia is when serum sodium level falls below < 135 mEq/L, which can occur due to excessive fluid intake, increased diuretics, diarrhea, etc.

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