Correct Answer - Option 4 : All of the above
Explanation:
Rankine-Gordon's Formula
Rankine-Gordon's empirical formula is known as Rankine's formula.
The Rankine formula is therefore valid for extreme values of 1/k (means for short and long columns). It is also found to be fairly accurate for the intermediate values in the range under consideration.
Note:
- Crushing load is responsible for the failure of short columns.
- Buckling load is responsible for the failure of long columns.