Correct Answer - Option 2 : Skinner
The term 'programmed learning' refers to a procedure of self-instruction which uses an instructional sequence in which the content to be learned is presented in a series of small steps, arranged in a logical sequence. To facilitate self-learning, programmed instruction materials are designed so as to give various kinds of intellectual, emotional, and psycho-motor experiences to the learner in a controlled situation through a variety of devices like booklets, machines, teachers, etc.
B. F. Skinner, professor of psychology at Harvard University developed the programmed learning technique and introduced linear programmed learning. Later on, in about 1955, Norman Crowder of the University of Chicago developed a branching program.
Thorndike has given three laws of learning, namely, the law of readiness, the law of exercise, and the law of effect.
Pavlov (Classical conditioning theory) emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.
Guthrie’s Theory of Association by Contiguity: E.R.Guthrie (1886-1959) developed this own theory of learning similar to that of Watson. Guthrie suggested that animals learn to associate stimuli and responses merely through their contiguity. Learning, in other words, depended on a response occurring close in time to particular stimuli.
