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__________ Irreversibility is due to the friction in the system.


1. Chemical
2.  Rotary
3.  Internal
4.  Frictional

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Correct Answer - Option 3 :  Internal

Explanation:

Irreversibility:

  • A process in which change in the reverse direction does not reverse the process is called Irreversible process and this phenomenon is called Irreversibility.
  • In an irreversible process, there is a loss of heat due to radiation, friction, conduction.
  • Whenever a process occurs and a substance changes its state from A to B, some of the energy is lost in the universe which cannot be regained. As a result, to bring it back to its original state, some external energy is needed.
  • In reality, all the processes are irreversible.

Examples of irreversible processes:
  • Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference.
  • Friction.
  • Plastic deformation.
  • The flow of electric current through a resistance.
  • Magnetization or polarization with a hysteresis.
  • Unrestrained expansion of fluids.
  • Spontaneous chemical reactions.

Types of Irreversibility:

  • Irreversibility is classified according to their causes:


External  irreversibility:

  • The irreversibility caused by external physical factors like resistance, viscosity, surface tension, finite temperature difference, external friction.
  • The energy lost due to friction can never be regained. Hence, the direction of the process cannot be reversed without supplying external work.
  • It is also called Frictional Irreversibility.


Internal  irreversibility:

  • Irreversibility caused by properties of the working fluid in a process like throttling or free expansion, friction within the system etc.
  • When a gas expands, it uses its internal energy to do so. It cannot contract on its own and reverse the process.


Chemical Irreversibility:

  • irreversibility caused by internal chemical properties like structure, bonds, etc.
  • When a chemical reaction occurs in association with absorption or liberation of heat, it cannot reverse spontaneously.

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