Correct Answer - Option 3 : Viruddha
The correct solution is "Viruddha"
A fallacy in Indian logic is known as Hetvabhasa. This fallacy means, the middle term appears to be a reason but is not a valid reason. In western logic, fallacies are formal in nature.
These are the following fallacies in Indian logic:
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Savyabhicara or the fallacy of irregular middle: a middle term may be irregularly related to the major term. When the middle is not uniformly related to the major term then that is called savyabhicara hetu.
- example: all bipeds are rational.
- swans are bipeds.
- therefore, swans are rational.
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Viruddha or the contradictory middle: The viruddha hetu or the contradictory middle is that hetu, which though offered to establish the existence of the sadhya actually establishes the non-existence of the sadhya.
- example: sound is eternal because it is produced.
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Satpratipaka or the inferentially contradicted middle: when a hetu which is advanced to establish a particular sadhya in inference is validly contradicted by another hetu which proves the non-existence of the sadhya of the first inference, the fallacy of satpratipaka arises.
- example: sound is eternal because it is audible.
-
Asiddha or the unproved middle: The asiddha hetu is one which is not yet proved, but requires to be proved, like the sadhya. This means that the asiddha hetu is not a proved or an established fact, but an asiddha or unproved assumption.
- Example: sky lotus is fragnant, because it has lotuses in it like a natural lotus.
-
Badhita hetu or the non-inferentially contradicted middle: The middle term of inference may be contradicted by some other stronger means of knowing such as perception, testimony, etc.
- Example: "fire is cold because it is a substance".
Hence the answer to the above question is "Viruddha" or contradictory middle which happens when a middle term exists, not in the objects in which a major exists, but in those in which major does not exist. That is, Viruddha or the contradictory middle is that which is pervaded by the absence of the major term.
