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Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A): For ensuring successful teaching-learning systems both Norm-Reference Testing (NRT) and Criterion-Referenced Testing (CRT) procedures for interpretation of scores have to be synthesized.

Reason (R): Parents and educational administrators along with the students themselves need to know the status of accomplishment in terms of laid down criteria and relative positions of the participants vis-a-vis that of others.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct options from the options given below:


1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
2. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
3. (A) is true but (R) is false
4. (A) is false but (R) is true

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Correct Answer - Option 1 : Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

The correct solution is "Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)".

Criterion reference assessment: This is the process of evaluating (grading) the learning of students against a set of pre-determined qualities or criteria without reference to the achievement of others. A criteria referenced test is a style of test that uses test scores to generate a statement about the behaviour that can be expected of a person with that score. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered as criterion-referenced tests.

Norm-referenced assessment: compares the student to the expected performance against that of peers within a cohort with similar training and experience. Examples of norm-referenced tests include the SAT, IQ tests, and tests that are graded on a curve. If you score at the 80th percentile, that means you scored better than 80% of people in your group.

  • Both tests have their own advantages and disadvantages. Like the quality of NRT is usually high because they are developed by the experts, piloted and revised before they are used with the students. It is generally intended to judge the school performance and schools accountability of providing learning standards and maintaining the quality of education. These tests may be designed to measure oral-language ability, visual motor skills, and cognitive and social development.
  • CRT is good to measure specific skills, objectives or domain. It gives direction to learn how well students are learning. It is good to determine learning progress if students have learning gaps or academic deficits that need to be addressed. CRT gives direction to teaching and re-teaching. Instructors can use the test results to determine how well they are teaching the curriculum and where they are lagging behind.
  • Thus it is true that for ensuring successful teaching-learning systems both norm-referenced and criterion reference testing procedures for interpretation of scores have to be synthesized. And parents and educational administrators along with the students themselves need to know the status of accomplishment in terms of laid down criteria and relative positions of the participants and that of others.

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