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Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.

Assertion (A): It was within the political and cultural framework that Bharatendu Harishchandra created and developed his own brand of nationalist thinking and writing.

Reason (R): Being a subject of the British raj, Bharatendu Harishchandra saw no contradiction in the co-existence of loyalty to the rulers and fierce patriotism.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:


1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)
3. (A) is true but (R) is false
4. (A) is false but (R) is true

1 Answer

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Best answer
Correct Answer - Option 1 : Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
  • Bharatendu Harishchandra, born in 1850, is known as the 'Father of modern-day Hindi literature'. And it was in establishing this language that his biggest contribution lay. Much of the prose that Harishchandra wrote to establish the Hindi we know today was done in the Kavivachansudha and Harishchandra Magazine, which he founded in 1873.

  • The colonial administrative and intellectual practices in the first half of the nineteenth century contributed, in different ways, to an emerging sense of regional culture in north India.
  • Colonial interventions in order to examine the ways in which ideas about Hindu history, religion, language and culture were formulated and expressed amongst the north Indian Hindu intelligentsia against and within the context of emerging nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century.
  • Recently, studies of Indian nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century have argued for the role of narratives, and in particular historical narratives, in forging a collective consciousness capable of producing nationalist sentiment.
  • Undoubtedly nationalist writers of the later period sought to project in their historical writings an image of a continuous and unbroken history stretching back to an ancient period which, anachronistically, was intended to provide the source and a mirror image of the modem nation.
  • Harischandra was a unique and highly significant figure in the growing network of Hindu intelligentsia in the region in the second half of the nineteenth century. Though he was in many ways a singular product of his Vaishnava merchant family, his city, Banaras, and his region, his influence and status were supra-regional and he retained links with intellectuals and publicists from other parts of the country.
  • The scattered sources of historical writing that were published independently in Hindi journals and periodicals from the 1870s and 1880s, and in particular the body of writing by Harischandra, demonstrate a sustained, if incipient, attempt to construct an indigenous history and chronology that would contest the hegemonic status of colonial historiography.
  • Harischandra's widely recognised role as a litterateur, patron of arts and culture and substantial figure in the public life of the city meant that his pioneering work in historical writing was also widely reviewed and responded to by a growing circle of Hindi writers in the region, as well as a small group of British Orientalist and
    missionary authorities.
  • Viewed in its summation Harischandra's historiographical work functions as a highly selective and somewhat fragmentary history of the nation, still as yet an ill-defined category, but imagined largely in the context of the north Indian region known variously in his writing as Hindustan, Bharatvarsh, Aryavarta. Though he never attempted to write a complete history of the nation, or national history, as such, the breadth and scope of his subject matter, which included dynastic chronologies, regional histories of Maharashtra, Udaipur and Kashmir, local, sectarian and caste histories, and which stretched in time from the ancient right up to the present period, infers his intention to construct a suitable and usable past for the contemporary national community which he was seeking to posit, a concept which he termed variously as Arya jati, Hindu jati, and Hindu samaj.
  • It was within the political and cultural framework that Bharatendu Harishchandra created and developed his own brand of nationalist thinking and writing because being a subject of the British raj, Bharatendu Harishchandra saw no contradiction in the co-existence of loyalty to the rulers and fierce patriotism.

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