Correct Answer - Option 1 : 4
Self-efficacy refers to our belief about what we are capable of achieving. In other words, it refers to the perceived competencies of a person. They determine how we interact with our environment and other people. High self-efficacy children solve problems more quickly than those who had low self-efficacy beliefs.
Bandura self-efficacy:
- According to Bandura, self-efficacy beliefs are formed on the basis of four sources: past experience, vicarious experience (observation of others), social persuasion, and physiological state.
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Past Experience- Earlier accomplishments can higher the expectations, whereas continuous failures can lower the expectations.
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Vicarious Experience- Learning through imitating other’s emotions is called ‘Vicarious conditioning’. This is also known as modelling. It gives the observers an impression that they can improve their performance by observing others.
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Social Persuasion- Activities where people are getting constant suggestions and believing that they can cope successfully. Coaching and evaluative feedback on performance are some examples of social persuasion.
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Physiological State- The individual’s physiological or emotional states determine self-efficacy judgments. Emotional reactions as anxiety can have negative judgments of one’s ability to complete the tasks.
- The most influential source of knowledge is the actual performance since it is an individual's belief about his or her capacity to accomplish behaviours required to generate specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997).
According to Bandura self-efficacy beliefs have the power of four major influences as given below:
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Cognitive: It refers to the effect on thought patterns. Self-efficacy influences the evaluation of capability and preparation to make an attempt.
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Motivational: It influences how long we will keep trying.
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Affective: It deals with stress, anxiety, and feeling of control.
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Selection: It includes choosing challenging activities.
From the above, we can conclude that according to Bandura, self-efficacy appraisals are based on four sources of information.
