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1. These types of error mainly comprises of human mistakes in reading instruments and recording and calculating measurement results.
2. The experimenter is mainly responsible for these errors.
3. Some gross errors are easily detected while some are difficult to detect.
4. These errors can be avoided by taking great care in reading and recording the data. Also, two or three or even more readings should be taken for the quantity under measurement.
5. Computational mistakes, incorrect adjustment and improper application of instruments can lead to gross errors.
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1. Systematic errors are classified into three types:
(i) Instruments Errors:
Occurs due to short coming in the instrument
Misuse of the instrument
Loading effect of the instrument
(ii) Environmental Errors:
These errors occur due to external environment factors like humidity, dust, vibrations or external magnetic field etc.
(iii) Observation Errors:
Different experimenters may produce different results, when sound and light measurements are involved since no two observers possess the same physical response.
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1. Random errors are those errors whose causes can’t be established because of random variations in the parameters or the system of measurement.
2. The happenings or disturbances about which we are unaware are lumped together and called “Random” or “Residual” and error caused due to these happenings are called “Random” error.
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