Correct Answer - Option 4 : communication
Learning-centred education focuses on the learning process. Although its primary concern is on the learning of the students, all those involved in the education of students such as teachers are also co-learners with the students in the learning-centred education. It is basically learner-centred but includes teachers in the process of learning in a classroom situation. Learner-related factors affecting learning are:
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Attention: As mentioned by Bandura, when a child urges to learn something, he pays attention to the model to observe or to imitate.
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Motivation: If the action succeeds, the child is motivated to do the action again.
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Target: When a child achieves the target, it motivates him to do further, if not, it demotivates him.
Hence, we conclude that communication is not a learner-related factor affecting learning.