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According to Alex Inkeles, which of the following is not the model of society?
1. The evolutionary model
2. The physical science model
3. The concern model
4. The organismic model

1 Answer

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Correct Answer - Option 3 : The concern model

Sociology and its derivatives are mentioned with increasing frequency in the press, on the radio, in public lectures, and in all forms of literature; but, still, most people have a very unclear idea of what scientific sociology is. The ill-informed often confuse sociology with socialism, social work, social reform, birth control and divorce, the coddling of criminals, or whatever they may favour or condemn. In short, sociology is more often used as a laudatory or derogatory term than as a descriptive name for a scientific discipline.

Sociologists in the 19th century applied for Charles Darwin's (1809–1882) work in biological evolution to theories of social change.

The evolutionary model

  • According to the evolutionary theory of  Alex Inkeles, society moves in specific directions. Therefore, early social evolutionists saw society as progressing to higher and higher levels. As a result, they concluded that their own cultural attitudes and behaviours were more advanced than those of earlier societies.
  • Identified as the “father of sociology,” Auguste Comte subscribed to social evolution. He saw human societies as progressing into using scientific methods. Likewise, Emile Durkheim, one of the founders of functionalism, saw societies as moving from simple to complex social structures. Herbert Spencer compared society to a living organism with interrelated parts moving toward a common end.

The physical science model

  • Physical science includes the study of Physics and Chemistry. Physics is one of the most fundamental sciences. It deals with the study of matter and energy. The study of physics helps us to understand other sciences such as chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy, medical science, environmental science, and a host of other sciences. At the same time, the development of other sciences contributes to the development of physics itself. The connection between physics, technology and society can be appreciated by a number of examples. The principle of the lever has been utilised for thousands of years in the development of civilisation. The ancient Egyptians used levers to lift obelisks (tall, pointed, tapering, four-sided stone pillar, set up as a monument or landmark) weighing in excess of 100 tons. The discipline of thermodynamics arose from the need to understand and improve the working of heat engines. The invention of the steam engine initiated the industrial revolution in England in the eighteenth century, which had a great impact on the course of human civilisation.
  • Science is sometimes defined as "a systematized body of knowledge." Since all knowledge, in contrast to private experience, depends upon communication by a system of symbols and since all knowledge is not science, a more limiting definition is necessary. Common sense, folklore, and the literary arts are examples of crudely systematized symbolic communication, which is knowledge but not science. They have been partially systematized unconsciously and informally by trial and error until their symbols have gained enough consensus to make communication possible. If science is defined as the methods by which new knowledge is gained and systematized, the emphasis is upon the conscious and deliberate attempt to make accurate observations of human experience and valid classifications and generalizations of them. The social scientist is striving to organize and integrate his knowledge of human behaviour into a comprehensive and consistent body of knowledge.

The organismic model

  • This view, at least as ancient as the contract idea, conceives society as a biological system, a greater organism, alike in its structure and its functions. This theory can even be dated back to Plato and Aristotle. The parallelism between an individual organism and a social organism has been worked out to the minutest possible extent. The organismic theory considers society to be a unity similar to that which characterizes a biological organism. The union of individuals forming the society has been described as similar to the union between the several parts of an animal body, wherein all parts are functionally related. Just as the body has a natural unity, so has a social group. The animal body is composed of cells, so is the society composed of individuals, and as is the “relation of the hand to the body or the leaf to the tree, so is the relation of human beings to society. Human beings exist in society and society in human beings”. The ancient and medieval writers had merely drawn an analogy between society and an organism. They held that society resembled an organism. But the writers of the 19th century regarded society as an organism. They tried to analyze the structure and function of society in comparison with those of an organism.

There no such model as the concern model of society. Hence, the correct answer is 3rd option.

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