Correct Answer - Option 3 : by interacting with adults and peers
Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist proposed a theory of cognitive development known as ‘Socio-Cultural Theory’. Vygotsky considers social factors and language important and also recognizes the role of teachers and adults.
Key Principles-
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Society and the culture of the children play a vital role in the development of their cognition.
- Sign system or the language of the society works as a tool in gaining knowledge.
- Inputs from others and especially from more knowledgeable people, peer and adults have the capacity to affect the development of cognition.
- should make sense in the new concept by joint activity with peers, adults and the teacher
- Vygotsky said that cognitive development occurs under an interpersonal social situation.
Some other central concept of Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory are-
More Knowledgeable Others (MKO)- According to him, these are those people, who are more knowledgeable and have better expertise in a particular domain. These MKO can help in improving the skill of the children. MKO need not to be a person in all instances. Sometimes, MKO can be computers also.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)- ZPD is the difference between the present level of development attained without anyone’s assistance and potential level of development which can be attained under the guidance of MKO.
Scaffolding- Vygotsky used this term to describe social and instructional support provided by MKO to students to learn new concepts and skills. Once the skill is learned by student, the instructional support is withdrawn.
