Correct Answer - Option 1 : Slow closing valves
Explanation:
Water Hammer:
When a liquid flow in a long pipeline is reduced suddenly, due to the compressibility of the liquid, the sudden change in momentum would cause a pressure surge to develop. This pressure moves through the pipe at high speed and undergoes reflection at the ends and the phenomenon is known as Water hammer.
The pressure rise due to water hammer depends upon the following factors:
- The velocity of flow of water in the pipe.
- The length of the pipe.
- Time taken to close the valve or the closure of the valve.
- Elastic properties of the material of the pipe.
Water hammer pressure can be considerably reduced by the slow closing of valves.