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Changes in society which manifest ideas, values and literature may be called
1. Non-material changes
2. Ornamental changes
3. Cosmopolitan changes
4. Material changes

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Correct Answer - Option 1 : Non-material changes

Meaning of social change:

  • Sociologists define social change as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions. These changes occur over time and often have profound and long-term consequences for society. 
  • Well, known examples of such change have resulted from social movements in civil rights, women's rights, and LBGTQ rights, to name just a few. 
  • Various theoretical schools have emphasized different aspects of change. Marxist theory suggests that changes in modes of production can lead to changes in class systems, which can prompt other new forms of change or incite class conflict.
  • social change can evolve from a number of different sources, including contact with other societies (diffusion), changes in the ecosystem (which can cause the loss of natural resources or widespread disease), technological change (epitomized by the Industrial Revolution, which created a new social group, the urban proletariat), and population growth and other demographic variables. Social change is also spurred by ideological, economic, and political movements.
  • Positive social change results in the improvement of human and social conditions and in the betterment osociety. Such change can occur at many levels, including individuals, families, communities, organizations, and governments. Positive social change is driven by ideas and actions with real-world implications.

  • Material changes:  
  • Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
  • These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth.
  • All of these physical aspects of culture help to define its members' behaviors and perceptions. For example, technology is a vital aspect of material culture in today's world.
  • Non-material changes:
  • Nonmaterial culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.
  • the nonmaterial cultural concept of religion consists of a set of ideas and beliefs about God, worship, morals, and ethics. These beliefs, then, determine how the culture responds to its religious topics, issues, and events.
  • When considering nonmaterial culture, sociologists refer to several processes that a culture uses to shape its members' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Four of the most important of these are symbols, language, values, and norms.
  • Ornamental change:
  • By the term decorative sociology, we mean a branch of modernist aesthetics devoted to a politicized, textual reading of society and culture.
  • Cosmopolitan changes:
  • Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all human beings are, or could or should be, members of a single community. Different views of what constitutes this community may include a focus on moral standards, economic practices, political structures, and/or cultural forms.
  • In sociology, Cosmopolitanism is a normative viewpoint from which one experiences, understands, and judges the world, and it is also a condition in which laws, institutions, and practices defined as such are being established.

Conclusion:

In the case of cultural changes, two kinds of changes are visible i.e. material and non-material changes. Material changes refer to physical changes such as home, school, society, etc while non-material changes refer to nonphysical ideas like values, rules, ideas, languages, norms, etc. Hence, option (1) is correct.

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