Use app×
Join Bloom Tuition
One on One Online Tuition
JEE MAIN 2025 Foundation Course
NEET 2025 Foundation Course
CLASS 12 FOUNDATION COURSE
CLASS 10 FOUNDATION COURSE
CLASS 9 FOUNDATION COURSE
CLASS 8 FOUNDATION COURSE
+1 vote
3.1k views
in Biology by (4.0k points)
closed by

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division is made by the experts in the subject matter. Our NCERT Solutions is made by experts in subject matter to make it easier for students.

NCERT Solutions Class 11 is one step solution for all kinds of student queries. We have discussed all the topics such as:

  • Cell Cycle – the cycle in which cell grows and divides and these events keep repeating making a cycle. In a cell cycle the cell spends most of its time in the interphase and in this phase it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and then again prepares for cell division. The then passes the phase of interphase, undergoes mitosis, and completes its process of cell division.
  • Cell Division – the process of separating one cell into two along with its nucleic material is called cell division. There are mainly two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. When we talk about cell division we mainly focus on mitosis. In the process of meiosis, the process of cell division makes egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is one of the fundamental processes of life.
  • M Phase – the M phase consists of the process of mitosis and cytokinesis. During the process of mitosis, the DNA changes into visible chromosomes, and then the chromosomes separate into two identical sets. After the process of the M-phase, two identical daughter cells are formed. Mitosis goes through many phases such as prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and then finally cytokinesis.
  • Significance of Mitosis – Mitosis is one of the most important processes for any kind of living organism. The process of mitosis is essential and it helps aid the growth of new cells for the growth and replacement of old cells. Mitosis occurs in skin cells and some unicellular organisms for asexual reproduction.
  • Meiosis – meiosis is such cell division process in which several chromosomes of the parent cell are by half and they make four new gamete cells.

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology is the best study material to gain clarity on the subject matter.

2 Answers

+2 votes
by (4.0k points)
selected by
 
Best answer

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

1. What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell? 

Solution: 

The average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell is approximately 24 hours. 

2. Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.

Solution:

Cytokinesis Karyokinesis
(i) Cytokinesis is the biological process involving the division of a cell’s cytoplasm during mitosis or meiosis. (i) Karyokinesis is the biological process involving the division of a cell’s nucleus during mitosis or meiosis.
(ii) It is divided into four stages – prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (ii) Stages such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are not present in karyokinesis.

3. Describe the events taking place during interphase. 

Solution: 

Interphase involves a series of changes that prepare a cell for division. It is the period during which the cell experiences growth and DNA replication in an orderly manner. Interphase is divided into three phases. 

  • G1 phase 
  • S phase 
  • G2 phase 

G1 phase – It is the stage during which the cell grows and prepares its DNA for replication. In this phase, the cell is metabolically active. 

S phase – It is the stage during which DNA synthesis occurs. In this phase, the amount of DNA (per cell) doubles, but the chromosome number remains the same. 

G2 phase – In this phase, the cell continues to grow and prepares itself for division. The proteins and RNA required for mitosis are synthesised during this stage.

4. What is G0 (quiescent phase) of cell cycle? 

Solution: 

G0 or quiescent phase is the stage wherein cells remain metabolically active, but do not proliferate unless called to do so. Such cells are used for replacing the cells lost during injury. 

5. Why is mitosis called equational division? 

Solution: 

Mitosis is the process of cell division wherein the chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed into two daughter cells. The chromosome number in each daughter cell is equal to that in the parent cell, i.e., diploid. Hence, mitosis is known as equational division. 

6. Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: 

(i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator 

(ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate 

(iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place 

(iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place 

Solution: 

(i) Metaphase 

(ii) Anaphase 

(iii) Zygotene of meiosis I 

(iv) Pachytene of meiosis I 

7. Describe the following: 

(a) synapsis 

(b) bivalent 

(c) chiasmata 

Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.

Solution:

(a) Synapsis 

The pairing of homologous chromosomes is called synapsis. This occurs during the second stage of prophase I or zygotene.

(b) Bivalent 

Bivalent or tetrad is a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes. They are formed during the zygotene stage of prophase I of meiosis.

(c) Chiasmata 

Chiasmata is the site where two sister chromatids have crossed over. It represents the site of cross-over. It is formed during the diplotene stage of prophase I of meiosis.

8. How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?

Solution:

Cytokinesis in plant cells Cytokinesis is animal cells
(i) The division of the cytoplasm takes place by cell plate formation. (i) The division of the cytoplasm takes place by cleavage.
(ii) Cell plate formation starts at the centre of the cell and grows outward, toward the lateral walls. (ii) Cleavage starts at the periphery and then moves inward, dividing the cell into two parts.

9. Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size. 

Solution: 

(a) Spermatogenesis or the formation of sperms in human beings occurs by the process of meiosis. It results in the formation of four equal-sized daughter cells. 

(b) Oogenesis or the formation of ovum in human beings occurs by the process of meiosis. It results in the formation of four daughter cells which are unequal in size.

+1 vote
by (4.0k points)

10. Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.

Solution:

Anaphase of mitosis Anaphase I of meiosis
Anaphase is the stage during which the centromere splits and the chromatids separate. The chromosomes move apart, toward the opposite poles. These chromosomes are genetically identical. During anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes separate, while the chromatids remain attached at their centromeres. Hence, in anaphase I, the chromosomes of each bivalent pair separate, while the sister chromatids remain together.

11. List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Solution:

Ser No Mitosis Ser No Meiosis
1. In mitotic division, a single division results in two daughter cells. 1. Meiotic division involves two successive divisions – meiosis I and meiosis II. These divisions result in four daughter cells.
2. In mitotic division, a single division results in two daughter cells. 2. Meiosis I is known as reductional division. This is because the chromosome number is reduced to half. Meiosis II is known as equational division. This is because the sister chromatids separate and the chromosome number remains the same.
3. Prophase is short and does not comprise any phase. 3. Prophase I is very long and comprises 5 phases –leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis.
4. There is no pairing of chromosomes, crossing-over, or chiasmata-formation during prophase. 4. In the zygotene stage of prophase, the pairing of chromosomes occurs. During pachytene, the crossing-over occurs. The chiasmata are formed in the diplotene stage.
5. Synaptonemal complex is not formed. 5. Synaptonemal complex is formed during the zygotene stage of prophase I.
6. Anaphase involves the separation of the chromatids of each chromosome. 6. During anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes separate, while the chromatids remain attached at their centromeres. During anaphase II, the chromatids separate as a result of the splitting of the centromere.
7. Mitosis plays a significant role in the healing, repair, and growth of a cell. 7. Meiosis brings about variation and maintains the chromosome number from generation to generation.

12. What is the significance of meiosis? 

Solution: 

Meiosis is the process involving the reduction in the amount of genetic material. It comprises two successive nuclear and cell divisions, with a single cycle of DNA replication. As a result, at the end of meiosis II, four haploid cells are formed. 

Significance of meiosis 

  • Meiosis maintains the chromosome number from generation to generation. It reduces the chromosome number to half so that the process of fertilisation restores the original number in the zygote. 
  • Variations are caused by the cross-over and the random distribution of homologous chromosomes between daughter cells. Variations play an important role in evolution. 
  • Chromosomal mutations are brought about by the introduction of certain abnormalities. These chromosomal mutations may be advantageous for an individual. 

13. Discuss with your teacher about (i) haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs, and (ii)some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur. 

Solution: 

(i) In some insects and lower plants, fertilization is immediately followed by zygotic meiosis, which leads to the production of haploid organisms. This type of life cycle is known as haplontic life cycle. 

(ii) The phenomenon of polyploidy can be observed in some haploid cells in higher plants in which cell division does not occur. Polyploidy is a state in which cells contain multiple pairs of chromosomes than the basic set. Polyploidy can be artificially induced in plants by applying colichine to cell culture. 

14. Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in S phase? 

Solution: 

Mitotic cell division cannot take place without DNA replication in S phase. Two important events take place during S phase – one is the synthesis or duplication of DNA and the other is the duplication of the centriole. DNA duplication is important as it maintains the chromosome number in the daughter cells. Mitosis is an equational division. Therefore, the duplication of DNA is an important step.

15. Can there be DNA replication without cell division? 

Solution: 

There can be DNA replication without cell division. During cell division, the parent cell gets divided into two daughter cells. However, if there is a repeated replication of DNA without any cell division, then this DNA will keep accumulating inside the cell. This would increase the volume of the cell nucleus, thereby causing cell expansion. An example of DNA duplication without cell division is commonly observed in the salivary glands of Drosophila. The chromosome undergoing repeated DNA duplication is known as polytene chromosome. 

16. Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change (i) Number of chromosomes (N) per cell (ii)Amount of DNA content (C) per cell.

Solution: 

During meiosis, the number of chromosomes and the amount of DNA in a cell change. 

(i) Number of chromosomes (N) per cell 

During anaphase I of the meiotic cycle, the homologous chromosomes separate and start moving toward their respective poles. As a result, the bivalents get divided into two sister chromatids and receive half the chromosomes present in the parent cell. 

Therefore, the number of chromosomes reduces in anaphase I. 

(ii) Amount of DNA content (C) per cell 

During anaphase II of the meiotic cycle, the chromatids separate as a result of the splitting of the centromere. It is the centromere that holds together the sister chromatids of each chromosome. As a result, the chromatids move toward their respective poles. Therefore, at each pole, a haploid number of chromosomes and a haploid amount of DNA are present. 

During mitosis, the number of chromosomes remains the same. The DNA duplicated in the S phase gets separated in the two daughter cells during anaphase. As a result, the DNA content (C) of the two newly-formed daughter cells remains the same.

Welcome to Sarthaks eConnect: A unique platform where students can interact with teachers/experts/students to get solutions to their queries. Students (upto class 10+2) preparing for All Government Exams, CBSE Board Exam, ICSE Board Exam, State Board Exam, JEE (Mains+Advance) and NEET can ask questions from any subject and get quick answers by subject teachers/ experts/mentors/students.

Categories

...