5. Check whether the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b): a ≤ b3} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
Answer:
R = {(a, b): a ≤ b3}
It is observed that (\(\frac12\), \(\frac12\)) ∉ R, since, \(\frac12\) > (\(\frac12\))3
∴ R is not reflexive.
Now, (1, 2) ∈ R (as 1 < 23 = 8)
But, (2, 1) ∉ R (as 23 > 1)
∴ R is not symmetric.
We have (3, \(\frac32\)) , (\(\frac32\), \(\frac65\)) ∈ R, since 3 < (\(\frac32\)) 3 and \(\frac32\) < (\(\frac65\))3
But (3, \(\frac65\)) ∉ R as 3 > (\(\frac65\))3
∴ R is not transitive.
Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.
6. Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
Answer:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}.
A relation R on A is defined as R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}.
It is clear that (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) ∉ R.
∴ R is not reflexive.
Now, as (1, 2) ∈ R and (2, 1) ∈ R, then R is symmetric.
Now, (1, 2) and (2, 1) ∈ R
However, (1, 1) ∉ R
∴ R is not transitive.
Hence, R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
7. Show that the relation R in the set A of all the books in a library of a college, given by R = {(x, y): x and y have same number of pages} is an equivalence relation.
Answer:
Set A is the set of all books in the library of a college.
R = {x, y): x and y have the same number of pages}
Now, R is reflexive since (x, x) ∈ R as x and x has the same number of pages.
Let (x, y) ∈ R ⇒ x and y have the same number of pages.
⇒ y and x have the same number of pages.
⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric.
Now, let (x, y) ∈R and (y, z) ∈ R.
⇒ x and y and have the same number of pages and y and z have the same number of pages.
⇒ x and z have the same number of pages.
⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
8. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b): |a - b| is even}, is an equivalence relation. Show that all the elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and all the elements of {2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of 2, 4}.
Answer:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and R = {(a, b): |a - b| is even}
It is clear that for any element a ∈ A, we have |a - a| = 0 (which is even).
∴ R is reflexive.
Let (a, b) ∈ R.
⇒ |a - b| is even
⇒ |-(a - b)|= |b - a| is also even
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric.
Now, let (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R.
⇒ |a - b| is even and |b - c| is even
⇒ (a - b) is even and (b - c) is even
⇒ (a - c) = (a - b) + (b - c) is even [Sum of two even integers is even]
⇒ |a - b| is even
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Now, all elements of the set {1, 2, 3} are related to each other as all the elements of this subset are odd. Thus, the modulus of the difference between any two elements will be even.
Similarly, all elements of the set {2, 4} are related to each other as all the elements of this subset are even.
Also, no element of the subset {1, 3, 5} can be related to any element of {2, 4} as all elements of {1, 3, 5} are odd and all elements of {2, 4} are even. Thus, the modulus of the difference between the two elements (from each of these two subsets) will not be even. [as 1 – 2, 1 – 4, 3 – 2, 3 – 4, 5 – 2 and 5 – 4 all are odd]
9. Show that each of the relation R in the set A = {x ∈ Z: 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}, given by
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4}
(ii) R = {(a, b) : a = b} is an equivalence relation.
Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case.
Answer:
= { ∈ : 0 ≤ ≤ 12} = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4}
For any element a ∈ A, we have (a, a) ∈ R as |a – a| = 0 is a multiple of 4.
∴ R is reflexive.
Now, let (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ |a – b| is a multiple of 4.
⇒ | – (a – b)| = |b – a| is a multiple of 4.
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric.
Now, let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R.
⇒ |a – b| is a multiple of 4 and |b – c| is a multiple of 4.
⇒ (a – b) is a multiple of 4 and (b – c) is a multiple of 4.
⇒ (a – c) = (a – b) + (b – c) is a multiple of 4.
⇒ |a – c| is a multiple of 4.
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
The set of elements related to 1 is {1, 5, 9} as
|1 – 1| = 0 is a multiple of 4.
|5 – 1| = 4 is a multiple of 4.
|9 – 1| = 8 is a multiple of 4.
(ii) R = {(a, b): a = b}
For any element a ∈ A, we have (a, a) ∈ R, since a = a.
∴ R is reflexive. Now, let (a, b) ∈ R.
⇒ a = b
⇒ b = a
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric.
Now, let (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R.
⇒ a = b and b = c
⇒ a = c
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
∴ R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
The elements in R that are related to 1 will be those elements from set A which are equal to 1.
Hence, the set of elements related to 1 is {1}.