(i) Schools became an important place for political and cultural battles.
(ii) The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vienna through the control of education.
(iii) They tried to change the values, norms, and perceptions of the people, to make them believe in the superiority of French civilization and the inferiority of the Vietnamese.
(iv) Vietnamese intellectuals, on the other hand, feared that Vietnam was loosing not just control over its territory but its very identity, its own culture, and customs were being devalued and the people were developing a master-slave mentality.
(v) The battle against French colonial education became part of the large battle against colonialism and for independence.
