(i) The 1848 revolution was led by the educated middle class along with the poor, unemployed starving peasants and workers in many European countries for fulfilling their demands of constitutionalism with national unification.
(ii) Political ideas: In German regions, a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessman and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for all German National Assembly.
(iii) Social ideas: A large number of women had participated actively and formed their own political associations founded a newspaper, took part in political meetings and struggled for the right to vote.
(iv) Economic ideas: Liberals struggled for an abolition of serfdom and bonded labor and wanted freedom of the market.
(v) Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Thus, serfdom and bonded labor were abolished.
