The poison dart frog, or poison arrow frog in the family Dendrobatidae carry Batrachotoxin, among other agents. The toxin irreversibly binds to voltage-gated sodium channels and keeps them open. Why does this paralyze and kill you?
a. The ionic gradient gets lost and the nerve cells die
b. Synapses remain active so muscles cannot relax
c. The metabolic cost of pumping sodium ions exhausts the ATP reserves of cells
d. All pain-conducting nerves become active simultaneously