For each item A–E related to control of ventilation, select the most appropriate option from the list below.
1. Voluntary hyperventilation.
2. Reflex hyperventilation.
3. Hypoventilation.
4. Ventilation controlled from the medulla
5. Ventilation controlled from above
5. oblongata. 5. the medulla oblongata.
6. Ventilation associated with dyspnoea.
A. An athlete’s ventilation may increase from a normal value of 6 litres per minute to over 100 litres per minute while running a race.
B. A student breathes a mixture of 5 per cent carbon dioxide and finds that, without apparent effort, the breathing is much deeper than normal.
C. Another student is asked to breathe rapidly and deeply for three minutes. Towards the end of the time there is a strong wish to reduce the breathing and there is a feeling of lightness and discomfort in the head.
D. In normal people breathing continues steadily during sleep.
E. In people with COPD the lungs are over-inflated and it may be harder to breathe in than breathe out.