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For each of the functional descriptions A–E, select the most appropriate option from the following list of regions of the nephron and urinary tract. 

1. Proximal convoluted tubule. 

2. Distal convoluted tubule. 

3. Thin limb of loop of Henle. 

4. Thick limb of loop of Henle. 

5. Collecting duct.

6. Ureter. 

7. Bladder. 

8. Urethra. 

A. The site of the final major adjustment of the pH of the filtered fluid.

B. A region where reabsorption is associated with the presence of microvilli on the luminal cell surface. 

C. A region where the passage of a calculus (stone) is associated with severely painful smooth muscle contractions referred to one side of the lower part of the trunk. 

D. The site of the final major adjustment of the ammonium content of the filtered fluid. 

E. The site of the final major adjustment of the osmolality of the filtered fluid.

1 Answer

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A. Option 2 Distal convoluted tubule. Cells here have the ability to secrete hydrogen ions until the luminal pH has fallen to 4–5. 

B. Option 1 Proximal convoluted tubule. This is the major site for reabsorption, which is facilitated by microvilli similar in many respects to those in the small intestine. 

C. Option 6 Ureter. Passage of a calculus here is associated with the severe pain of renal colic, referred to one or other loin. 

D. Option 2 Distal convoluted tubule. These cells form and secrete ammonia to buffer hydrogen ions secreted in the same region, especially when the rate of hydrogen ion secretion is high; this prevents luminal pH from falling below 4. 

E. Option 5 Collecting duct. Depending on the circulating level of anti-diuretic hormone, the osmolality of the filtrate rises along the collecting duct, to a maximum about four times that of plasma.

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