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List the salient features of Aves.

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  •  Aves are commonly known as birds. The characteristic feature of Aves :
  • They have feathers and the ability to fly except for flightless birds (Eg: Ostrich, Kiwi, Penguin). 
  • The forelimbs are modified into wings, and the hind limbs are adapted for walking, running, swimming and resting.
  • The skin is dry and devoid of glands except the oil gland or preen gland. 
  • The exoskeleton consists : epidermal feathers, scales, claws on legs and horny covering on the beak. 
  • The endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic bones). 
  • The pectoral muscles of flight are well developed. (Muscles are pectoralis major and pectoralis minor). 
  • Respiration is by compact, elastic, spongy lungs that are continuous with air sacs 
  • The heart is four chambered. 
  • Aves are homeothermic. 
  • Migration and parental care is well marked. 
  • Urinary bladder is absent. 
  • Sexes are separate with well-marked sexual dimorphism. 
  • In males, the testes are paired but in females, only the left ovary is well developed while the right ovary is withered. 
  • All birds are oviparous. 
  • Eggs are megalecithal and, cleidoic. 
  • Fertilization is internal. Eg: Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon).

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