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With a neat diagram explain the structure of nephron.

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Nephrons are the fundamental units of the kidney. Each nephron is made up of

(a) A Bowman’s capsule

(b) A convoluted tubule

(a) The Bowman’s capsule is cup shaped and double walled enclosing a capsular space. It is lined by the simple squamous epithelium. Its cup shaped depression holds the highly folded tuft of blood capillaries called the glomerulus. The glomerulus brings blood for purification in terms of nitrogenous waste material, removal of excess of ions, salts, water etc.

It is formed by the branch of afferent renal artery namely the renal arteriole. After filtration into the Bowman’s capsule the remaining constituents are drained by the efferent arteriole which again branch and rebranch around the convoluted tubule of the nephron to form the particular capillaries and the peritubular capillaries join to ‘form renal venules which in turn form the renal vein carrying away blood from kidney with reabsorbed materials and reset homeostasis back into the circulation. The glomerular epithelium & Bowman’s capsular epithelium form an intricate association called endothelia capsular barrier.

(b) The convoluted tubule: starts from the hind endo. the cup-shaped Bowman’s capsule. It is thin, elongated, tubular, double-walled enclosing a tubular space. It is lined by cuboidal epithelium. The convoluted tubule is composed of 3 parts, each having a distinct function.

(1) Proximal convoluted tubule: It is wide tube starting from Bowman’ capsule and is involved in absorption of ions, amino acid glucose etc. by active reabsorption and water by passive reabsorption forming the primary urine or filtrate. The epithelium (endothelium) is brush bordered in this region.

(2) Henle’s loop: The proximal convoluted tubules narrows down and dips into a thin ‘U’ shaped tubule (of various length in difference animals) called the Henle’s loop. It helps in reabsorption of water, Na+ , Cl etc. from the filtrate by Active transport.

(3) The Distal convoluted tubule: The Henle’s loop broadens and leads into the distal convoluted tubule. Here active reabsorption & secretion of unwanted wastes takes place. The reabsorption of water and ions is under the influence of Hormones (ADH and Aldosterone). The lining of Distal convoluted tubule is made up of cuboidal epithelium.

The entire convoluted tubule is surrounded by the peritubular capillaries formed by efferent arteriole arising from glomerulus. Required substances are reabsorbed from the tubules into these peritubular capillaries and unwanted substances are secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the distal convoluted tubule.

The Distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons join the collecting tubules and the nephron fluid formed at the final region of the convoluted tubule i.e. the DCT is drained into the collecting tubules from various nephrons.

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