(i) First Let us check commutativity of *
Let a, b ∈ Z
Then a * b = a + b + ab
= b + a + ba
= b * a
So,
a * b = b * a, ∀ a, b ∈ Z
Let us prove associativity of *
Let a, b, c ∈ Z, Then,
a * (b * c) = a * (b + c + bc)
= a + (b + c + bc) + a (b + c + bc)
= a + b + c + bc + ab + ac + abc
(a * b) * c = (a + b + ab) * c
= a + b + a b + c + (a + b + a b) c
= a + b + a b + c + a c + b c + a b c
So,
a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c, ∀ a, b, c ∈ Z
Thus, * is associative on Z.
(ii) Let us check commutativity of *
Let a, b ∈ N
a * b = 2ab
= 2ba
= b * a
So, a * b = b * a, ∀ a, b ∈ N
Thus, * is commutative on N
Let us check associativity of *
Let a, b, c ∈ N
Then, a * (b * c) = a * (2bc)
=2a ∗ 2bc
(a * b) * c = (2ab) * c
=2ab ∗ 2c
So, a * (b * c) ≠ (a * b) * c
Thus, * is not associative on N
(iii) Let us check commutativity of *
Let a, b ∈ Q, then
a * b = a – b
b * a = b – a
So, a * b ≠ b * a
Thus, * is not commutative on Q
Let us check associativity of *
Let a, b, c ∈ Q, then
a * (b * c) = a * (b – c)
= a – (b – c)
= a – b + c
(a * b) * c = (a – b) * c
= a – b – c
Therefore,
a * (b * c) ≠ (a * b) * c
Thus, * is not associative on Q
(iv) Let us check commutativity of ⊙
Let a, b ∈ Q, then
a ⊙ b = a2 + b2
= b2 + a2
= b ⊙ a
So, a ⊙ b = b ⊙ a, ∀ a, b ∈ Q
Thus, ⊙ on Q
Let us check associativity of ⊙
Let a, b, c ∈ Q, then
a ⊙ (b ⊙ c) = a ⊙ (b2 + c2)
= a2 + (b2 + c2)2
= a2 + b4 + c4 + 2b2c2
(a ⊙ b) ⊙ c = (a2 + b2) ⊙ c
= (a2 + b2)2 + c2
= a4 + b4 + 2a2b2 + c2
So,
(a ⊙ b) ⊙ c ≠ a ⊙ (b ⊙ c)
Thus, ⊙ is not associative on Q.
(v) Let us check commutativity of o
Let a, b ∈ Q, then
a o b = (ab/2)
= (ba/2)
= b o a
So, a o b = b o a, ∀ a, b ∈ Q
Thus, o is commutative on Q
Let us check associativity of o
Let a, b, c ∈ Q, then
a o (b o c) = a o (b c/2)
= [a (bc/2)]/2
= [a (bc/2)]/2
= (a b c)/4
(a o b) o c = (ab/2) o c
= [(ab/2)c]/2
= (a b c)/4
So, a o (b o c) = (a o b) o c, ∀ a, b, c ∈ Q
Hence, o is associative on Q.