(i) The parent rock is the first factor which provides the basic material for the formation of soil.
(ii) Climate breaks the parent rock into small pieces.
(iii) Vegetation: Plant and animal organisms help in the weathering of the rocks slowly but continuously.
(iv) Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers, etc., contribute to the formation of soil.
(v) Chemical and organic changes take place in the soil.
