When a conductor like a metal is subjected to external electric field, the electrons experience a force in the opposite direction and they accumulate on the left hand side. A positive charge is therefore induced on the right hand side. This creates on opposite electric field (Ein) that balances out (E0). The net electric field inside the conductor becomes zero.
Here, E0 is the external field and Ein is the internal field created by the re-distribution of electrons inside the metal.
Dielctric: When external electric field is applied, dipoles are created for non-polar dielectrics and in case of polar dielectrics dipoles are aligned. An internal electric field is created such that it reduces the external electric field. The placement of dipoles is as shown in the given figure.
The dipole moment per unit volume of the polarized dielectric is known as the Polarization of a dielectric. It is denoted by P.
The formula for polarization is given by,
(b) (i) The electric field inside a spherical shell is zero. Therefore, force on the charge placed at the centre of the shell is zero. For a charge placed at A, shell will behave as if the entire charge Q is placed at the centre of the shell.
(ii) Total charge enclosed by the shell is \(q_{en} = \frac{Q}{2}\)
So, according to Gauss’s law,
Total flux,