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in Reproduction in Angiospermic Plants by (45.7k points)

Write a brief account of artificial methods of vegetative reproduction.

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These methods are devised by human and are practised to propagate commercially useful ornamentals and fruit plants. The main methods of artificial propagation are: 

(1) Cuttings: 

1. Stem cutting 

2. Root cutting 

1. Stem-cuttings: 

Many plants such as rose, sugarcane, garden croton, china rose, Duranta, Coleus, Bougainvillea etc. may be easily multiplied by stem cuttings. When cuttings from such plants are put into the soil, they strike roots at the base and develop buds. Some times roots are not easily produced in the cuttings, then these are treated with IAA which promotes rooting. 

2. Root cuttings:

Sometimes root cuttings put in moist soil sprout forming roots and shoots as in lemon, tamarind etc.

(2) Grafting: 

1. Tongue grafting 

2. Wedge grafting 

3. Crown grafting 

4. Bud grafting 

Grafting: 

This is a commonly practised method in horticulture. In this method, two different plants are joined to develop a new variety. In this process, a small branch of a plant is inserted into a rooted plant of the same or allied species so as to establish an organic union between the two. The branch which is inserted is known as the Scion or graft, and the plant in which the branch is inserted and which is rooted in the soil is known as the stock. The scion grows, retaining all its qualities, while the stock which may be of inferior quality, supports the scion by supplying water and food material. This method is useful in commercial plants such as rose, mango, apple, pear, guava, Citrus etc. Main methods are as follows: 

1. Whip or Tongue grafting: 

In this method both scion and stock are of similar thickness 5 -8 cm long cut is made in both scion and stock as shown in the diagram. After that, a V-shaped incision is made in the stock and a complimentary incision is made in the scion. The two are tightly fixed and covered with grafting wax. 

2. Wedge grafting: 

This method is adopted when the diameter of both scion and stock is exactly the same. The V-shaped incision is made in the stock whereas wedge-shaped incision is made in the scion. The two are then joined together, tightly fixed and sealed with grafting

3. Crown grafting: 

This method is applied in the case where the diameter or thickness of the stock is many times more than the scion. The bark of the stock is cut through from the surface downwards to a length of 12 to 15 cm. A small branch of same species is incised and this is inserted into the slit in the bark and tied firmly. The wound is covered with grafting wax

4. Bud grafting: 

In this method, a T-shaped incision is made in the bark of the stock and a bud from a selected plant is inserted into the T-shaped slot and bandaged properly. By this method, it is possible to grow several varieties of rose on one stock.

(3) Layering: 

1. Mound layering 

2. Gootee Layering

In this method, roots are induced in the stem while it is still attached to the parent plant. Later on, this part is detached and grown as an independent plant. 

There are two common types of layering: 

1. Mound layering: 

In this case, a branch near the ground is bent down, a ring of bark (2.5 – 5.0 cm) is removed and this portion is pushed in the soft moist soil. It is done in such a way that the tip of the branch remains above ground. In a few days or weeks, the covered part of a stem strikes adventitious roots. At this stage, the branch is cut off from the parent plant and grown separately. Common examples are jasmine, grape – wine, lemon, rose etc. 

2. Air layering or Gootee: 

This technique is employed in trees with thick branches and which can not be bent easily. During early rains, a healthy and woody branch is selected and is girdled (i.e. a ring of bark, 2.5 – 5 cm long is sliced off). The girdled part is covered with moist moss or cotton and then covered with polythene bag or jute piece. This covered part is known as Gootee. To keep the gootee wet, an earthen pot with a minute hole at the bottom may be hanging over the gootee as shown in the diagram. Roots develop, usually, within 1 – 3 months. It is then separated from the parent plant and planted in the soil

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