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Explain how alcohol can be obtained from starch and cellulose

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1. Starch crops (Rice, Millets) and Sugar plants (Sugarcane and Beetroot) are important rops for biofuel production. By using these important sources of energy, we can produce many products. 

2. Starch and Sugars obtained from these plants can be converted into ethanol. Cellulose is an important product of plants and with the help of cellulase enzyme, it can be broken down into glucose and finally into ethanol. 

3. In woody plants lignin is also found along with cellulose as lignocellulose. With the help of enzymes, lignocellulose can be converted into sugar and afterwards with the help of yeast this sugar is converted into ethanol by the fermentation process. 

4. Some plants such as sugarcane, potato, beetroot are used as raw materials for ethanol production. These plants through which ethanol is produced are called energy plants. New techniques are being developed to use this ethanol in automotive. 

5. Brazil is the leading country to use this technique. In Brazil, the Brazilian National alcohol program was started in 1975. 

6. Now in Brazil, all cars are running on alcohol or 20% mixture of ethanol mixed with petrol. 

7. Sugarcane is one of the main cash crop grown in many states in India. Molasses (Black treacle is a viscous product resulting from refining sugarcane or sugarbeets into sugars) are a byproduct of the sugar industry. 

8. 65.5% pure ethanol is produced from molasses but for mixing with petrol, 66.8% ethanol purity is required. By using a distillation plant, 66.8% ethanol can be derived from molasses by modification. 

9. Government of India has established three plants for mixing 5% ethanol with petrol for experimentation. These are established in Bareilly (UP) and Manmard and Meeraj (Maharashtra).

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