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Describe different political outlooks relating the scope of a state.

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Different political outlooks related to the scope of a state:

There are many political outlooks presented in respect of the scope of a state. Some political outlooks grant a state absolute powers and think an individual to be under it in an inclusive way. Yet other political outlooks limit the scope of the state and advocate maximum autonomy to an individual. 

The following are the different outlooks related to scope of a state:

1. A state, in itself, is an accomplishment, and individual a means: 

Some scholars regard state as an accomplishment. Many scholars, namely, Plato, Aristotle, Hegel, Bosanke, etc. regard a state as the apex goal of human life and an accomplishment in itself. According to Plato and Aristotle, society and state is a great moral institution whose purpose is to develop an individual morally. According to Plato, States are not born out of trees or rocks, they are born out of the character of those persons who live in them. According to Aristotle, state is a person and it is our duty to worship it reverently.

At the same time, Hegel regards the state as an accomplishment and an incarnation of God on the earth. These thinkers who regard the state as an accomplishment, have merged the will of a state with an individual’s will. The result of this principle is fascism. Fascist thinkers regard that everything is for a state and nothing is against the state. In this way, idealist and totalitarian thinkers deem a state an accomplishment.

2. State is an accomplishment of an individual: 

Thinkers who regard state as a means, consider the state to be a means for fulfilling the interests of the individual. As per their convention, all institutions are for the welfare and prosperity of an individual and not an individual for these institutions. The sole aim of a state is to do good for its people. Individualist, anarchist and pluralist thinkers regard the state as a means.

Individualist thinkers, though accept the existence of a state, yet they do not regard the state as an accomplishment. J.S. Mill and Herbert Spencer assume a state to be a necessary evil. They want the state’s work to be confined to police works. Anarchists believe that the welfare of an individual lies in the end of governance of a state. For them, state is an unnecessary, irrational and unnatural institution. Pluralist thinkers regard a state as a community akin to other communities.

3. State is both an accomplishment and a means:

 According to Bluntness, a state is a means as well as an accomplishment. On one hand, it is an institution to serve the interests of people, while on the other hand, it is also an accomplishment because happiness of an individual is dependent on the existence of the state for his own good.

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