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What is a welfare state? Mention the main causes for the advent of the concept of a public welfare state.

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Public welfare state is a state, which besides rendering general functions, also performs additional public welfare activities, such as elimination of unemployment, insurance planning, pension to the elderly, and to provide security.

Different political thinkers have defined public welfare state in different ways, As – According to Garner, “The sole purpose of a public welfare state is to develop national life, nationality and physical, immateriality and moral attributes of life.” According to Jawaharlal Nehru, “The fundamental basis of public welfare state is to arrange for equal opportunity, removal of disparity between the poor and the rich and to increase the standard of living.”

Main causes for the advent of the concept of public welfare state: 

The following are the main causes for the emergence of the concept of public welfare state:

1. Reaction against individualism: 

Public welfare state emerged as a reaction against ideal individualism. According to the principle of individualism, the scope of the state was restricted and the state adopted the policy of non-interference, and because of this, the condition of labourers became very pitiable in the period of industrial revolution, and they were subjected to exploitation.

The factory owners forced them to work at less wages. The state did not interfere in these matters. As a result, their condition become very miserable and there emerged opposition to individualistic thought. First of all, England formed laws for the welfare of the labour class, and as such, the concept of public welfare state emerged.

2. Fear of the influence of Marxist communism: 

After the publication of ‘the communist Manifesto’ in 1848, communist revolution took place in Soviet Russia in 1917, providing a consolidated basis to the doctrine of Marx. In order to stop the spread of communism, western countries introduced certain radical changes in the capitalist democratic system. As a result, there emerged the concept of public welfare state. 

3. Emergence and development of the concept of democratic socialism: 

The supporters of Marxist communism tried to bring changes in the society by adopting means of violence and revolution, and there developed the concept of democratic socialism by their efforts. This very concept of democratic socialism wanted to bring changes in the society by peaceful and legitimate means. The propounders of this principle regarded state as a public welfare institution. This concept of theirs wanted to establish socialism with the help of a welfare state.

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