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Explain the distribution pattern of rainfall in the world.

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The amount of rainfall varies in different regions on the earth’s surface. Distribution of rainfall on the surface is very uneven. In some places, the rainfall is more than 200 centimeters, while at other places, it is less than 20 centimeters. Important factors influencing the distribution of rainfall are temperature, land-water distribution, direction of winds, direction of mountains, etc. 

There are six belts of rainfall on the Earth:

1. Equatorial excess rainfall belt: The extension of this belt is found between 10° latitudes on both side of the equatorial line. In this, the Amazon Basin of South America, the Congo Basin, the windward coastal part of Central America, New Guinea, Philippines and Madagascar are included. Here, the annual rainfall is about 175 centimeters to 200 centimeters. Rainfall is mainly of convection type. There is rain in the afternoon with thunder and lightning every day.

2. Rainfall belt of trade winds: The extension of this belt is found between the latitudes of 10° to 20° on both sides of the equator. Here, the rain takes place in the eastern parts of the continents due to trade winds. Monsoon rains also occur in this belt.

3. Sub – tropical rainfall belt: This belt is located in the both hemispheres between 20° to 30° latitudes. It is a high pressure belt, in which winds descend from top to bottom. So, anticyclonic conditions are found. In Sahara, and Thar deserts, the annual rainfall is less than 25 centimeters.

4. Mediterranean belt: Its expanse is found in both the hemispheres between 30° to 40° latitudes. It includes California, Central Chile, South – western part of South Africa, and South – western part of Western Australia. In winter, there is a lot of rain due to westerlies winds. Rainfall is simple and cyclonic. The annual rainfall averages 100 cm. Dry summers are characteristic of this belt because at this time this belt remains under the influence of dry trade winds.

5. Belt of moderate latitudinal rainfall: This belt is found between 40° to 60° latitudes on both side of the equator. Here, more rainfall takes place in the western parts of the continents. Due to the excess of the aquatic part, the northern hemisphere experiences more rain as compared to the southern hemisphere. Here, there is cyclonic rainfall due to the conjunction of polar and westerlies winds. Here, the annual rainfall averages from 100 to 125 cm.

6. Polar low rainfall belt: It extends from 60° latitude to poles in both hemispheres. The amount of rainfall towards the poles decreases. Most of the rainfall here is in the form of snow. Here, the annual rainfall is up to 25 centimeters.

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