Area of the entire earth is 50.995 million sq. km., out of which the hydrosphere is extended on 36.106 million sq. km. area and the lithosphere on 14.889 million sq. km. In relation to the expansion of the lithosphere and hydrosphere, Dr. Long, for the first time in the year 1742, determined the ratio of land and water on the earth to be 1 : 2.81, that is, 26% and 74%, while, Wagner considered the expansion of land to be 28.3 % of the entire earth and expansion of water to be 71.7%.
Based on the explorations done by scientists in polar regions with the help of new instruments, the ratio of land and water is determined to be 1: 2.43, that is, 29.2 % and 70.8 %. It is acknowledged from these explorations that 43 % water of the entire hydrosphere is located in the Northern hemisphere and 57 % water is located in the Southern hemisphere.