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in Ecosystem of the River Ganga by (51.6k points)
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Explain the ecosystem of river Ganges. 

Or 

The ecosystem of river Ganga is divided into different parts, how? Clarify.

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The Ganges River is a river of India with a vast drainage area. 

The entire ecosystem of this river is divided mainly into the following parts – 

1.mountainous region, 

2. plain areas, 

3. central Ganga plain, 

4. lower Ganga plain.

Mountainous region: Ganga is considered to be the national and most sacred river of India. Over the centuries, the Aryans residents of India have been residing here. Ganga river has nurtured the incarnations of Rama, Krishna, Gautam, Mahavir, Nanak, etc. in its vicinity. Therefore, this holy river paves the way to heaven.

The river Ganga starts in the form of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda. The average height of this river’s origin is 3140 meters above sea level. The main branch of river Ganga is Bhagirathi, which originates from the Gangotri glacier from a place called Gomukh of Garhwal Himalaya. It originates from the mouth of a small cave.

The river’s water source is a basin located at a height of 5000 meters. Many small tributaries have extended significant contribution in giving shape to river Ganga. The confluence of several water bodies in Dev Prayag has given form to the Ganga River. Ganga river enters the plain of Haridwar for the first time, after travelling a narrow hill path of about 200 kms.

Before this the river produces deep valleys, while taking many turns.More than 600 metre-deep valleys are found in many places.On both sides, large rocks, boulders, pebbles and sand are deposited in heavy quantities. The slopes on both sides are very steep.

Plain areas: Bio – diversity and cultural – spiritual aspects of this area are very important. Fisheries of ‘MaKaseer’ species are found in this area and the area around Shivpuri has rich bio-diversity. The sand mounds, flood plains and ox-bow lakes are built in the Garhmukteshwar area. In these areas, dolphins, alligators and turtles are found. This is called ‘Ramsar’.

On reaching Farrukhabad, debris increases in the Ganga river. The nature of flood plains becomes very wide. In these areas, agricultural, fishery, animal husbandry and number of human population and habitat increases. On the river banks, religious rituals like bathing and cremation are done. This leads to increased pollution in the river. The number of birds of various species, insect mites, creeping organisms are found to be more.

Central Ganga plain: Central Ganga plain covers the areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar State. These are populated areas of human settlement. The main occupations of the residents are agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery and cottage industries based on them. In this area, there are major tributaries of Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi and Son, etc.

Here, the speed of the Ganga lessens and pollution is greatly increased by the mixing of sand, mud, garbage, stool – urine, chemicals, etc. In these areas, the land formation of the meander, alluvial soil plains, ox – bow, etc. also takes place. Due to high pollution, the river’s water becomes unsuitable for bathing and drinking. During floods, there is a loss of excessive public life and property in Bihar.

Dolphins, turtles, crocodiles, alligators, fish, etc. are the main creatures found in the rivers in this area. Vikram Shila Dolphin Sanctuary in Bihar has been set up in 50 km. area in Bhagalpur district. In this order, dolphin has been declared a national aquatic creature of India. It is called the tiger of fresh water. Dense forests are also found in this area. They are full of wildlife.

Lower Ganges plains: This part of Ganga is spread from Kishanganj (Purnea – Bihar) to entire West Bengal (excluding high mountainous areas) and within Bangladesh. In this area, the river Ganga and its tributaries get divided into innumerable small streams. Delta region offers an incomparable view due to the presence of very mild slopes and Alluvial soil.

The total area of this Delta part is 60000 square km, whose forests are known as Sunderbans. This is a protected area in both India and Bangladesh.lt is one of the leading areas of the world in terms of bio – diversity. Here, mangrove and tidal vegetation is found. Due to the large number of ‘Sundari Tree’ species found here, this forest has been named ‘Sunderbans’.

The main feature of the ecosystem here is that the flora and fauna can survive in the mixture of fresh and saline water. This world’s largest Delta is continuously expanding towards the ocean. World famous Royal Bengal tigers are found in these forests. Apart from this, all types of carnivorous and herbivorous animal, birds, etc. are found in the Sunderbans.

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