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Explain the physical and chemical properties of the protoplasm.

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Physical of the protoplasm:

Many theories have been put forth to explain physical nature of the protoplasm. Out of them, follow ing five theories are main and all of them are applicable-

  1. Alveolar theory – It was propounded by Butchilli (1882). According to it, the protoplasm is an emulsion with dispersed minute drops or alveoli. This theory is more close to the modern thinking.
  2. Granular theory – It is proposed by Altmann (1893). According to it, the protoplasm consists of minute granules.
  3. Reticular theory – It was proposed by Hanslein, Klein and Carnoy (1898). According to it, the proplasm consists of network of fibrils.
  4. Fibrillar theory – It was propounded by Flemming (1894). According to it, the protoplasm consists of minute fibres.
  5. Colloidal theory – It was prposed by Wilson Fisher (1894). The protoplasm is a crystallocolloidal solution & polyphasic colloidal system.

It has a dispersion phase and colloidal particles. It is the most accepted theory.
The protoplasm respond external stimuli such as low to high temperature, chemical, light etc. It exhibits following vital activities –

  • Movement
  • Nutrition
  • Metabolism
  • Respiration
  • Growth
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Life cycle

Chemical of the protoplasm:

The chemical composition of the protoplasm is complex and its chemical analysis is not possible in living state. It consists of about 50 types of chemical compounds . Some of them are as follows –
Water                            75 to 85%
Proteins                         7 to 9%
Carbohydrates               2 to 2.5%
Lipids                             1 to 1.5%
Inorganic substances     1 to 1.5%
RNA                                0.7%
DNA                                0.4%
The protoplasm of some cells eg. aquatic plants, brain cells may have 95% water (maximum).
In seed cells, the water contents is 10 to 15% and in bone cells is only 5% (minimum). The inorganic substance are found in the form of ions. Calcium, potassium, magnesium. Iron etc are positive ions and nitrate, sulphate, bicarbonate, chloride etc. are negative ions.

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