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Name the social and political organizations of the I9 th century, which developed the feelings of nationalism among-st Indians. Explain in detail.

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Due to faith in religious revival and historical pride and glory of India, many social and political institutions of 19th century did an important task of developing the feeling of nationalism among-st Indians. 

A few of these are:

1. Brahmo Samaj: 

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj on August 20, 1828. Brahmo Samaj was mainly based on Vedas and Upanishads. Brahmo Samaj was tolerant towards most of the religions. Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed the “Sati Pratha”, through Brahmo Samaj. He convinced the British Governor – General William Bentick to pass a law against sati pratha.

Besides, Raja Ram Mohan Roy also opposed several social evils like child marriage, polygamy, untouchability, etc. He considered western education to be necessary for the development and progress of India. He was the supporter of Indian independence. He demanded reforms in legislature, reduction in land taxes, and Indianization of army. He also tried to develop a sense of nationalism among-st Indians. Main principles of Brahmo Samaj were – 

1. God is one and he is the creator, cherisher, eternal, endless and formless, 

2. God must be horsewhipped without using a specific spiritual method of a caste or community. 

3. Salvation can be possible only by giving up bad habits, 

4. The soul is immortal and eternal, it is responsible only towards God. 

5. Prayer is essential for spiritual progress, 

6. God is alike for all and He accepts all prayers alike, 

7. Brahmo Samaj believes in karma, 

8. Brahmo Samaj believes in the concept of truth.

2. Arya Samaj: 

Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded Arya Samaj on April 10, 1875. Swami Dayanand Saraswati was an ardent supporter of Swarajya, Swadharma and Swadeshi concepts. He criticized the evils prevalent in the country and received popular support.against female infanticide. 

He opposed social and religious evils like untouchability, child marriage, and female foeticide, Purdah (veil) system, idol worship-ping, memorial feasts, religious superstitions, useless customs and caste and creed system. He supported women’s education and their rights.

He said that the women had equal rights for the study of Vedas just as men. Arya Samaj had faith in Shuddhi movement. It was in the favor of taking those Hindus who had joined other religions back in the Hindufold after their purification. Common Indians especially from North India adopted Arya Samaj and engage themselves in the service of promoting nationalism among-st Indians. 

The principles of Arya Samaj are:

1. Emphasis on truthfulness of the Vedas. 

2. Performing havens through Vedic system and chanting of mantras. 

3. Offering prayers to God in front of fire. 

4. Belief in stress on gaining truth and giving up untruth. 

5. Belief in ruin of ignorance and development of intelligence. 

6. Opposing traditional and dogmatic faiths, idol worship-ping, and manifestation of dirty. 

7. Promoting women’s education and encouragement to remarriage of widows. 

8. Belief in omnipotence of God. God is formless and universal. 

9. Considering importance of love and humanism of Sanskrit and Hindi language and supporting their propagation. 

10.To believe that progress of self is in the progress of all and self welfare is in others welfare. It means ‘all things are good for the good’.

3. Islamic Religious Reform Movement:

After the decline of Mughal rule, the position of Muslims also declined. The Muslims protested against English education. There was a sway of bad customs in Muslim community, by which their social and political participation decreased. At the same time, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, a Muslim social reformer, tried to remove social evils spread among the Muslims. He founded the Aligarh Muslim University. He suggested Muslims to remain faithful to British government. The Wahabi movement removed several bad customs from Muslim community and spread education among them. Due to all this, the Muslims were able to think about politics and they too started participating in social and political movements.

4. Ramakrishna Mission: 

Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa considered Indian culture the best in the world. After his death, his most worthy pupil, Swami Vivekananda, founded this institution on May 5, 1897. Ramakrishna Mission had its branches in Fiji, Mauritius, etc. countries. Ramakrishna Mission propounded such type of thoughts and principles that might be adopted by the people of every religion. Ramakrishna Mission is engaged in helping the sufferers of drought, famine, floods, and epidemics. Swami Vivekananda tried hard to remove social evils as superstitions, poverty, ignorance, untouchability and distinction on the basis of caste, co-lour and creed. Moreover, he promoted the feeling of welfare of all.

5. Theosophical Society: 

Theosophical society was founded by a Russian lady Madam Blavatsky and American Colonel Olcott in 1875. They arrived in India in 1886. They visited India on the invitation of Swami Dayanand Saraswati. They considered Indian culture and civilization as spiritual and the best in the world. An Irish lady Annie Besant encouraged and supported the Theosophical Society in India. She became a stage manager of conceptual revolution. She was the president of Theosophical Society from 1907 to 1933.

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